References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-13-1625-2013

Antarctic ozone loss in 1979–2010: first sign of ozone recovery

Kuttippurath

¹ Lefèvre

¹ Pommereau

J.-P.

¹ Roscoe

H. K.

² Goutail

¹ Pazmiño

¹ Shanklin

J. D.

UPMC Université de Paris 06, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS/INSU, UMR8190, Paris, France

British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK

08 02 2013

13 3 1625 1635

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1625/2013/acp-13-1625-2013.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1625/2013/acp-13-1625-2013.pdf

A long-term ozone loss time series is necessary to understand the evolution of ozone in Antarctica. Therefore, we construct the time series using ground-based, satellite and bias-corrected multi-sensor reanalysis (MSR) data sets for the period 1989–2010. The trends in ozone over 1979–2010 are also estimated to further elucidate its evolution in the wake of decreasing halogen levels in the stratosphere. Our analysis with ground-based observations shows that the average ozone loss in the Antarctic is about −33 to −50% (−90 to −155 DU (Dobson Unit)) in 1989–1992, and then stayed at around −48% (−160 DU). The ozone loss in the warmer winters (e.g. 2002 and 2004) is lower (−37 to −46%), and in the very cold winters (e.g. 2003 and 2006) it is higher (−52 to −55%). These loss estimates are in good agreement with those estimated from satellite observations, where the differences are less than ±3%. The ozone trends based on the equivalent effective Antarctic stratospheric chlorine (EEASC) and piecewise linear trend (PWLT) functions for the vortex averaged ground-based, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer/Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TOMS/OMI), and MSR data averaged over September–November exhibit about −4.6 DU yr−1 over 1979–1999, corroborating the role of halogens in the ozone decrease during the period. The ozone trends computed for the 2000–2010 period are about +1 DU yr−1 for EEASC and +2.6 DU yr−1 for the PWLT functions. The larger positive PWLT trends for the 2000–2010 period indicate the influence of dynamics and other basis functions on the increase of ozone. The trends in both periods are significant at 95% confidence intervals for all analyses. Therefore, our study suggests that Antarctic ozone shows a significant positive trend toward its recovery, and hence, leaves a clear signature of the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol.

References 1

Austin, J., Scinocca, J., Plummer, D., Oman, L., Waugh, D., Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Braesicke, P., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M., Cugnet, D., Dameris, M., Dhomse, S., Eyring, V., Frith, S., Garcia, R., Garny, H., Gettelman, A., Hardiman, S., Kinnison, D., Lamarque, J., Mancini, E., Marchand, M., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., Nakamura, T., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Pyle, J., Rozanov, E., Shepherd, T., Shibata, K., Teyssèdre, H., Wilson, R., and Yamashita, Y.: Decline and recovery of total column ozone using a multimodel time series analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00M10, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013857doi:10.1029/2010JD013857, 2010.

Basher, R. E.: Review of the Dobson spectrophotometer and its accuracy, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 13, WMO, Geneva, 1982.

Bevilacqua, R. M., Aellig, C. P., Debrestian, D. J., Fromm, M. D., Hoppel, K., Lumpe, J. D., Shettle, E. P., Hornstein, J. S., Randall, C. E., Rusch, D. W., and Rosenfield, J. E.: POAM II ozone observations in the Antarctic ozone hole in 1994, 1995, and 1996, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23643–23657, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JD01623doi:10.1029/97JD01623, 1997.

Bhartia, P. K. and Wellemeyer, C. W.: TOMS-V8 total O3 algorithm, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, MD, OMI Algorithm, Theoretical Basis Document Vol. II.,~2387 pp., 2002.

Brewer, A. W.: A replacement for the Dobson spectrophotometer?, Pure Appl. Geophys., 919, 106–108, 1973.

Brunner, D., Staehelin, J., Maeder, J. A., Wohltmann, I., and Bodeker, G. E.: Variability and trends in total and vertically resolved stratospheric ozone based on the CATO ozone data set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4985–5008, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4985-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-4985-2006, 2006.

Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., K\aallberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553–597, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.828doi:10.1002/qj.828, 2011.

de Laat, A. T. J. and van Weele, M.: The 2010 Antarctic ozone hole: Observed reduction in ozone destruction by minor sudden stratospheric warmings, Sci. Rep., 1, 38, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep00038doi:10.1038/srep00038, 2011.

Dobson, G. M. B.: Observer's handbook for the ozone spectrophotometer, Ann. Int. Geophys. Year, 5, 46–89, 1957.

Eskes, H. J., van der A, R. J., Brinksma, E. J., Veefkind, J. P., de Haan, J. F., and Valks, P. J. M.: Retrieval and validation of ozone columns derived from measurements of SCIAMACHY on Envisat, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 4429–4475, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-4429-2005doi:10.5194/acpd-5-4429-2005, 2005.

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G., and Shanklin, J. D.: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction, Nature, 315, 207–210, 1985.

Frie$ß$, U., Kreher, K., Johnston, P. V., and Platt, U.: Ground-based DOAS measurements of stratospheric trace gases at two Antarctic stations during the 2002 ozone hole period, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 765–777, 2005.

Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Phillips, C.. Deniel, C., Sarkissian, A., Lefèvre, F., Kyrö, E., Rummukainen, M., Ericksen, P., Andersen, S., Kåstad Høiskar, B.-A., Braathen, G., Dorokhov, V., and Khattatov, V.: Depletion of column ozone in the Arctic during the winters 1993–94 and 1994–95, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 1–34, 1999.

Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Lefèvre, F., van Roozendael, M., Andersen, S. B., Kåstad Høiskar, B.-A., Dorokhov, V., Kyrö, E., Chipperfield, M. P., and Feng, W.: Early unusual ozone loss during the Arctic winter 2002/2003 compared to other winters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 665–677, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-665-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-665-2005, 2005.

Hassler, B., Bodeker, G. E., Solomon, S., and Young, P. J.: Changes in the polar vortex: Effects on Antarctic total ozone observations at various stations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01805, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045542doi:10.1029/2010GL045542, 2011.

Hendrick, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Goutail, F., Evans, R. D., Ionov, D., Pazmino, A., Kyrö, E., Held, G., Eriksen, P., Dorokhov, V., Gil, M., and Van Roozendael, M.: NDACC/SAOZ UV-visible total ozone measurements: improved retrieval and comparison with correlative ground-based and satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5975–5995, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5975-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5975-2011, 2011.

Hofmann, D. J., Oltmans, S. J., Harris, J. M., Solomon, S., Deshler, T., and Johnson, B. J.: Observation and possible causes of new ozone depletion in Antarctica in 1991, Nature, 359, 283–287, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359283a0doi:10.1038/359283a0, 1992.

Hoppel, K., Nedoluha, G., Fromm, M., Allen, D., Bevilacqua, R., Alfred, J., Johnson, B., and König-Langlo, G.: Reduced ozone loss at the upper edge of the Antarctic Ozone Hole during 2001–2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20816, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023968doi:10.1029/2005GL023968, 2005.

Huck, P. E., Tilmes, S., Bodeker, G. E., Randel, W. J., McDonald, A. J., and Nakajima, H.: An improved measure of ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007860doi:10.1029/2006JD007860, 2007.

Kerr, J. B. and McElroy, C. T.: Total ozone measurements made with the Brewer ozone spectrophotometer during STOIC 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9225–9230, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JD02147doi:10.1029/94JD02147, 1995.

Kiesewetter, G., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Weber, M., and Burrows, J. P.: Attribution of stratospheric ozone trends to chemistry and transport: a modelling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12073–12089, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12073-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-12073-2010, 2010.

Kroon, M., Veefkind, J. P., Sneep, M., McPeters, R. D., Bhartia, P. M., and Levelt, P. F.: Comparing OMI-TOMS and OMI-DOAS total ozone column data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008798doi:10.1029/2007JD008798, 2008.

Kuttippurath, J. and Nikulin, G.: A comparative study of the major sudden stratospheric warmings in the Arctic winters 2003/2004–2009/2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8115–8129, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8115-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-8115-2012, 2012.

Kuttippurath, J., Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Lefèvre, F., Roscoe, H. K., Pazmiño, A., Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., and Godin-Beekmann, S.: Estimation of Antarctic ozone loss from ground-based total column measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6569–6581, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6569-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-6569-2010, 2010.

Kuttippurath, J., Godin-Beekmann, S., Lefèvre, F., Nikulin, G., Santee, M. L., and Froidevaux, L.: Record-breaking ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2010/2011: comparison with 1996/1997, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7073–7085, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7073-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-7073-2012, 2012.

Lefèvre, F., Brasseur, G. P., Folkins, I., Smith, A. K., and Simon, P.: Chemistry of the 1991/1992 stratospheric winter: three dimensional model simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8183–8195, 1994.

Lemmen, C., Dameris, M., Müller, R., and Riese, M.: Chemical ozone loss in a chemistry-climate model from 1960 to 1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15820, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026939doi:10.1029/2006GL026939, 2006.

Levelt, P. F., van den Oord, G. H. J., Dobber, M. R., Mlkki, A., Visser, H., de Vries, J., Stammes, P., Lundell, J., and Saari, H.: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1093–1101, 2006.

Nash, E. R., Newman, P. A., Rosenfield, J. E., and Schoeberl, M. R.: An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel's potential vorticity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9471–9478, 1996.

Newman, P. A., Daniel, J. S., Waugh, D. W., and Nash, E. R.: A new formulation of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4537–4552, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4537-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-4537-2007, 2007.

Pommereau, J.-P. and Goutail, F.: Stratospheric O3 and NO2 Observations at the southern polar circle in Summer and Fall 1988, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 891–894, 1988.

Randel, W. J., Wu, F., and Stolarski, R.: Changes in column ozone correlated with the stratospheric EP flux, J. Met. Soc. Japan, 80, 849–862, 2002.

Reinsel, G. C., Weatherhead, E. C., Tiao, G. C., Miller, A. J., Nagatani, R. M., Wuebbles, D. J., and Flynn, L. E.: On detection of turnaround and recovery in trend for ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4078, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000500doi:10.1029/2001JD000500, 2002.

Reinsel, G. C., Miller, A. J., Weatherhead, E. C., Flynn, L. E., Nagatani, R. M., Tiao, G. C., and Wuebbles, D. J.: Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004662doi:10.1029/2004JD004662, 2005.

Roscoe, H. K. and Haigh, J. D.: Influences of ozone depletion, the solar cycle and the QBO on the Southern Annular Mode, Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 133, 1855–1864, 2007.

Roscoe, H. K., Johnston, P. V., Van Roozendael, M., Richter, A., Preston, K., Lambert, J. C., Hermans, C., de Kuyper, W., Dzenius, S., Winterath, T., Burrows, J., Sarkissian, A., Goutail, F., Pommereau, J. P., d'Almeida, E., Hottier, J., Coureul, C., Ramond, D., Pundt, I., Bartlet, L. M., Kerr, J. E., Elokhov, A., Giovanelli, G., Ravegnani, F., Premudan, M., Kostadinov, M., Erle, F., Wagner, T., Pfeilsticker, K., Kenntner, M., Marquand, L. C., Gil, M., Puentedura, O., Arlander, W., Kaastad-Hoiskar, B. A., Tellefsen, C. W., Heese, C. W., Jones, R. L., Aliwell, S. R., and Freshwater, R. A.: Slant column measurements of O3 and NO2 during the NDSC intercomparison of zenith-sky UV-visible spectrometers in June 1996, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 281–314, 1999.

Roscoe, H. K., Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Trainic, M., and Shuckburgh, E. F.: The existence of the edge region of the Antarctic stratospheric vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D04301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD015940doi:10.1029/2011JD015940, 2012.

Salby, M., Titova, E., and Deschamps, L.: Rebound of Antarctic ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L09702, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047266doi:10.1029/2011GL047266, 2011.

Scarnato, B., Staehelin, J. Stübi, R., and Schill, H.: Long-term total ozone observations at Arosa (Switzerland) with Dobson and Brewer instruments (1988–2007), J. Geophys. Res., 115, D13306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011908doi:10.1029/2009JD011908, 2010.

Sexton, D. M. H.: The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the phase of the Antarctic Oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3697–3700, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013376doi:10.1029/2001GL013376, 2001.

Solomon, S.: Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history, Rev. Geophys., 37, 275–316, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999RG900008doi:10.1029/1999RG900008, 1999.

Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S., and Wuebbles, D. J.: On the depletion of Antarctic ozone, Nature, 321, 755–758, 1986.

Solomon, S., Portmann, R. W., Sasaki, T., Hofmann, D. J., and Thompson, D. W. J.: Four decades of ozonesonde measurements over Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21311, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005917doi:10.1029/2005JD005917, 2005.

Soukharev, B. E. and Hood, L. L.: Solar cycle variation of stratospheric ozone: Multiple regression analysis of long-term satellite data sets and comparisons with models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D20314, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007107doi:10.1029/2006JD007107, 2006.

Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., and Winkler, P.: Enhanced upper stratospheric ozone: Sign of recovery or solar cycle effect?, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004284doi:10.1029/2003JD004284, 2004.

Stolarski, R. S., Douglass, A. R., Steenrod, S., and Pawson, S.: Trends in Stratospheric Ozone: Lessons Learned from a 3D Chemical Transport Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1028–1041, 2006.

Tilmes, S., Müller, R., Engel, A., Rex, M., and Russell, J. M.: Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic and Antarctic stratosphere between 1992 and 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20812, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026925doi:10.1029/2006GL026925, 2006.

van der A, R. J., Allaart, M. A. F., and Eskes, H. J.: Multi sensor reanalysis of total ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11277–11294, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11277-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11277-2010, 2010.

Vyushin, D. I., Shepherd, T. G., and Fioletov, V. E.: On the statistical modeling of persistence in total ozone anomalies, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013105doi:10.1029/2009JD013105, 2010.

WMO (World Meteorological Organisation): Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 50, 572~pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.

Wohltmann, I., Lehmann, R., Rex, M., Brunner, D., and Mäder, J. A.: A process-oriented regression model for column ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007573doi:10.1029/2006JD007573, 2007.

Yang, E.-S., Cunnold, D. M., Newchurch, M. J., Salawitch, R., McCormick, J. M. P., Russell III, J. M., Zawodny, J. M., and Oltmans, S. J.: First stage of Antarctic ozone recovery, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009675doi:10.1029/2007JD009675, 2008.