References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-9865-2012

Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard

Fares

¹ ² Park

J.-H.

¹ Gentner

D. R.

³ Weber

¹ Ormeño

¹ ⁴ Karlik

⁵ Goldstein

A. H.

¹ ³

Division of Ecosystem Sciences, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura, Research Center for the Soil-Plant System, Rome, Italy

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Aix-Marseille Université – Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et écologie IMBE CNRS UMR7263, France

Cooperative Extension Kern County, University of California, 1031 South Mount Vernon Avenue, Bakersfield, CA 93307, USA

29 10 2012

12 20 9865 9880

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Orange trees are widely cultivated in Mediterranean climatic regions where they are an important agricultural crop. Citrus have been characterized as emitters of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in chamber studies under controlled environmental conditions, but an extensive characterization at field scale has never been performed using modern measurement methods, and is particularly needed considering the complex interactions between the orchards and the polluted atmosphere in which Citrus is often cultivated. For one year, in a Valencia orange orchard in Exeter, California, we measured fluxes using PTRMS (Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer) and eddy covariance for the most abundant VOC typically emitted from citrus vegetation: methanol, acetone, and isoprenoids. Concentration gradients of additional oxygenated and aromatic compounds from the ground level to above the canopy were also measured. In order to characterize concentrations of speciated biogenic VOC (BVOC) in leaves, we analyzed leaf content by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometery) regularly throughout the year. We also characterized in more detail concentrations of speciated BVOC in the air above the orchard by in-situ GC-MS during a few weeks in spring flowering and summer periods. Here we report concentrations and fluxes of the main VOC species emitted by the orchard, discuss how fluxes measured in the field relate to previous studies made with plant enclosures, and describe how VOC content in leaves and emissions change during the year in response to phenological and environmental parameters. The orchard was a source of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOC. The highest emissions were observed during the springtime flowering period, with mid-day fluxes above 2 nmol m−2 s−1 for methanol and up to 1 nmol m−2 s−1 for acetone and monoterpenes. During hot summer days emissions were not as high as we expected considering the known dependence of biogenic emissions on temperature. We provide evidence that thickening of leaf cuticle wax content limited gaseous emissions during the summer.

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