References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-9593-2012

Total OH reactivity measurements in Paris during the 2010 MEGAPOLI winter campaign

Dolgorouky

¹ Gros

¹ Sarda-Esteve

¹ Sinha

² Williams

³ Marchand

⁴ Sauvage

⁵ ⁶ Poulain

⁷ Sciare

¹ Bonsang

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Unité Mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), UMR8212, 91198 Gif-sur-Yve

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Manauli PO Punjab 140306, India

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Air Chemistry Department, 55128 Mainz, Germany

Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331, Marseille, France

Université de Lille Nord de France, 59000 Lille, France

Ecole de Mines Douai, Departement Chimie environnement, 59508 Douai, France

Leibniz – Institut für Troposphärenforschung (IFT), Leipzig, Germany

22 10 2012

12 20 9593 9612

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/9593/2012/acp-12-9593-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/9593/2012/acp-12-9593-2012.pdf

Hydroxyl radicals play a central role in the troposphere as they control the lifetime of many trace gases. Measurement of OH reactivity (OH loss rate) is important to better constrain the OH budget and also to evaluate the completeness of measured VOC budget. Total atmospheric OH reactivity was measured for the first time in an European Megacity: Paris and its surrounding areas with 12 million inhabitants, during the MEGAPOLI winter campaign 2010. The method deployed was the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM). The measured dataset contains both measured and calculated OH reactivity from CO, NOx and VOCs measured via PTR-MS, GC-FID and GC-MS instruments. The reactivities observed in Paris covered a range from 10 s−1 to 130 s−1, indicating a large loading of chemical reactants. The present study showed that, when clean marine air masses influenced Paris, the purely local OH reactivity (20 s−1) is well explained by the measured species. Nevertheless, when there is a continental import of air masses, high levels of OH reactivity were obtained (120–130 s−1) and the missing OH reactivity measured in this case jumped to 75%. Using covariations of the missing OH reactivity to secondary inorganic species in fine aerosols, we suggest that the missing OH reactants were most likely highly oxidized compounds issued from photochemically processed air masses of anthropogenic origin.

References 1

Ammann, C., Brunner, A., Spirig, C., and Neftel, A.: Technical note: Water vapour concentration and flux measurements with PTR-MS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4643–4651, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4643-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-4643-2006, 2006.

Atkinson, R., Aschmann, S. M., Winer, A. M., and Carter, W. P. L.: Rate Constants for the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals and O3 with Pyrrole at 295$+$/-1k and Atmospheric-Pressure, Atmos. Environ., 18, 2105–2107, 1984.

Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I – gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461–1738, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004doi:10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.

Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and IUPAC Subcommittee: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume II – gas phase reactions of organic species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3625–4055, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3625-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3625-2006, 2006.

Bavia, M., Bertinelli, F., Taliani, C., and Zauli, C., Electronic-Spectrum of Pyrrole in Vapor and Crystal, Mol. Phys., 31, 479–489, 1976.

Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Zhang, Q., Onasch, T. B., Drewnick, F., Coe, H., Middlebrook, A., Delia, A., Williams, L. R., Trimborn, A. M., Northway, M. J., DeCarlo, P. F., Kolb, C. E., Davidovits, P., and Worsnop, D. R.: Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 185–222, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20115doi:10.1002/mas.20115, 2007.

Cronin, B., Nix, M. G. D., Qadiri, R. H., and Ashfold, M. N. R.: High resolution photofragment translational spectroscopy studies of the near ultraviolet photolysis of pyrrole, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 5031–5041, 2004.

Crutzen, P. J.: Global budgets for non-CO2 greenhouse gases, Environ. Monit. and Assess., 31, 1–15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00547177doi:10.1007/bf00547177, 1994.

Day, B. M., Rappengluck, B., Clements, C. B., Tucker, S. C., and Brewer, W. A.: Nocturnal boundary layer characteristics and land breeze development in houston, texas during texaqs ii, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4014–4023, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.031doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.031, 2010.

de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Stohl, A., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Cooper, O. R., Holloway, J. S., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Atlas, E. L., Donnelly, S. G., Stroud, V., and Lueb, A.: Volatile Organic Compounds composition of merged and aged forest fire plumes from Alaska and western Canada, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006175doi:10.1029/2005jd006175, 2006.

de Gouw, J. A., Welsh-Bon, D., Warneke, C., Kuster, W. C., Alexander, L., Baker, A. K., Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Canagaratna, M., Celada, A. T., Huey, L. G., Junkermann, W., Onasch, T. B., Salcido, A., Sjostedt, S. J., Sullivan, A. P., Tanner, D. J., Vargas, O., Weber, R. J., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X. Y., and Zaveri, R.: Emission and chemistry of organic carbon in the gas and aerosol phase at a sub-urban site near Mexico City in March 2006 during the MILAGRO study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3425–3442, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3425-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3425-2009, 2009.

DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061249ndoi:10.1021/ac061249n, 2006.

Delmas, R., Mégie, G. and Peuch, V.-H.: Physique et chimie de l'atmosphère, Ed. Belin, 2005.

Di Carlo, P., Brune, W. H., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Lesher, R., Ren, X. R., Thornberry, T., Carroll, M. A., Young, V., Shepson, P. B., Riemer, D., Apel, E., and Campbell, C.: Missing OH reactivity in a forest: Evidence for unknown reactive biogenic VOCs, Science, 304, 722–725, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1094392doi:10.1126/science.1094392, 2004.

Gaimoz, C., Sauvage, S., Gros, V., Herrmann, F., Williams, J., Locoge, N., Perrussel, O., Bonsang, B., d'Argouges, O., Sarda-Esteve, R., and Sciare, J.: Volatile Organic Compounds sources in paris in spring 2007. Part ii: Source apportionment using positive matrix factorisation, Environ. Chem., 8, 91–103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en10067doi:10.1071/en10067, 2011.

Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514–1521, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es072476pdoi:10.1021/es072476p, 2007.

Gros, V., Sciare, J., and Yu, T.: Air-quality measurements in megacities: Focus on gaseous organic and particulate pollutants and comparison between two contrasted cities, Paris and Beijing, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 339, 764–774, 2007.

Gros, V., Gaimoz, C., Herrmann, F., Custer, T., Williams, J., Bonsang, B., Sauvage, S., Locoge, N., d'Argouges, O., Sarda-Esteve, R., and Sciare, J.: Volatile Organic Compounds sources in Paris in spring 2007. Part i: Qualitative analysis, Environ. Chem., 8, 74–90, http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en10068doi:10.1071/en10068, 2011.

Gros, V., Marchand, N., Sauvage, S., Perrusel, O., Petetin, H., Lopez, M., Bonnaire, N., Temime, B., Locoge, N., and Bonsang, B.: VOCs source contributions in Paris determined during MEGAPOLI summer and winter campaigns and comparison with the local emission inventory, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in preparation, 2012.

Healy, R. M., Sciare, J., Poulain, L., Kamili, K., Merkel, M., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Eckhardt, S., Stohl, A., Sarda-Estève, R., McGillicuddy, E., O'Connor, I. P., Sodeau, J. R., and Wenger, J. C.: Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1681–1700, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-1681-2012, 2012.

Ingham, T., Goddard, A., Whalley, L. K., Furneaux, K. L., Edwards, P. M., Seal, C. P., Self, D. E., Johnson, G. P., Read, K. A., Lee, J. D., and Heard, D. E.: A flow-tube based laser-induced fluorescence instrument to measure OH reactivity in the troposphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 465–477, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-465-2009doi:10.5194/amt-2-465-2009, 2009.

Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., and Donahue, N. M., et al., Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353doi:10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.

Kato, S., Sato, T., and Kajii, Y.: A method to estimate the contribution of unidentified vocs to oh reactivity, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5531–5539, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.074doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.074, 2011.

Kim, S., Guenther, A., Karl, T., and Greenberg, J.: Contributions of primary and secondary biogenic VOC tototal OH reactivity during the CABINEX (Community Atmosphere-Biosphere INteractions Experiments)-09 field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8613–8623, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8613-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8613-2011, 2011.

Kovacs, T. A. and Brune, W. H.: Total OH loss rate measurement, J. Atmos. Chem., 39, 105–122, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010614113786doi:10.1023/a:1010614113786, 2001.

Kovacs, T. A., Brune, W. H., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Simpas, J. B., Frost, G. J., Williams, E., Jobson, T., Stroud, C., Young, V., Fried, A., and Wert, B.: Direct measurements of urban OH reactivity during Nashville SOS in summer 1999, J. Environ. Monit., 5, 68–74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b204339ddoi:10.1039/b204339d, 2003.

Lanz, V. A., Alfarra, M. R., Baltensperger, U., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., and Prévôt, A. S. H.: Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503–1522, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1503-2007, 2007.

Leuchner, M. and Rappenglueck, B.: Voc source-receptor relationships in houston during texaqs-ii, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4056–4067, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.029doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.029, 2010.

Lewis, A. C., Carslaw, N., Marriott, P. J., Kinghorn, R. M., Morrison, P., Lee, A. L., Bartle, K. D., and Pilling, M. J.: A larger pool of ozone-forming carbon compounds in urban atmospheres, Nature, 405, 778–781, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35015540doi:10.1038/35015540, 2000.

Lewis, A. C., Hopkins, J. R., Carpenter, L. J., Stanton, J., Read, K. A., and Pilling, M. J.: Sources and sinks of acetone, methanol, and acetaldehyde in North Atlantic marine air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1963–1974, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1963-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-1963-2005, 2005.

Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) – medical applications, food control and environmental research, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 173, 191–241, 1998.

Lou, S., Holland, F., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C.C., Fuchs, H., Häseler, R., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., and Hofzumahaus, A.: Atmospheric OH reactivities in the Pearl River Delta – China in summer 2006: measurement and model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11243–11260, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11243-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11243-2010, 2010.

Mao, J., Ren, X., Brune, W. H., Olson, J. R., Crawford, J. H., Fried, A., Huey, L. G., Cohen, R. C., Heikes, B., Singh, H. B., Blake, D. R., Sachse, G. W., Diskin, G. S., Hall, S. R., and Shetter, R. E.: Airborne measurement of OH reactivity during INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 163–173, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-163-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-163-2009, 2009.

Mao, J., Ren, X., Chen, S., Brune, W. H., Chen, Z., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Lefer, B., Rappenglueck, B., Flynn, J., and Leuchner, M.: Atmospheric oxidation capacity in the summer of Houston 2006: Comparison with summer measurements in other metropolitan studies, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4107–4115, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.013doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.013, 2010.

Michoud, V., Kukui, A., Camredon, M., Colomb, A., Borbon, A., Miet, K., Aumont, B., Beekmann, M., Durand-Jolibois, R., Perrier, S., Zapf, P., Siour, G., Ait-Helal, W., Locoge, N., Sauvage, S., Gros, V., Afif, C., Furger, M., Ancellet, G., and Doussin, J. F.: Radical budget analysis in a suburban European site during the MEGAPOLI summer field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 15883–15943, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-15883-2012doi:10.5194/acpd-12-15883-2012, 2012.

Naik, V., Fiore, A. M., Horowitz, L. W., Singh, H. B., Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., de Gouw, J. A., Millet, D. B., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., and Goldstein, A.: Observational constraints on the global atmospheric budget of ethanol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5361–5370, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5361-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5361-2010, 2010.

Nölscher, A. C., Sinha, V., Bockisch, S., Klüpfel, T., and Williams, J.: A new method for total OH reactivity measurements using a fast Gas Chromatographic Photo-Ionization Detector (GC-PID), Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., 5, 3575–3609, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-3575-2012doi:10.5194/amtd-5-3575-2012, 2012.

Ren, X. R., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Lesher, R. L., Oliger, A., Shirley, T., Adams, J., Simpas, J. B., and Brune, W. H.: HOx concentrations and OH reactivity observations in New York city during PMTACS-NY 2001, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3627–3637, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00460-6doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00460-6, 2003.

Ren, X., Brune, W. H., Mao, J., Mitchell, M. J., Lesher, R. L., Simpas, J. B., Metcalf, A. R., Schwab, J. J., Cai, C., Li, Y., Demerjian, K. L., Felton, H. D., Boynton, G., Adams, A., Perry, J., He, Y., Zhou, X., and Hou, J.: Behavior of OH and HO2 in the winter atmosphere in New York city, Atmos. Environ., 40, S252–S263, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.073doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.073, 2006a.

Ren, X., Brune, W. H., Oliger, A., Metcalf, A. R., Simpas, J. B., Shirley, T., Schwab, J. J., Bai, C., Roychowdhury, U., Li, Y., Cai, C., Demerjian, K. L., He, Y., Zhou, X., Gao, H., and Hou, J.: OH, HO2, and OHreactivity during the PMTACS-NY whiteface mountain 2002 campaign: Observations and model comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10s03, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006126doi:10.1029/2005jd006126, 2006b.

Roberts, J. M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Liu, S. C.; Bollinger, M. J., Hahn, C., Albritton, D. L., and Sievers, R. E.: Measurements of aromatic hydrocarbon ratios and NOx concentrations in the rural troposphere – observation of air-mass photochemical aging and NOx removal, Atmos. Environ., 18, 2421–2432, 1984.

Roukos, J., Plaisance, H., Leonardis, T., Bates, M., and Locoge, N.: Development and validation of an automated monitoring system for oxygenated volatile organic compounds and nitrile compounds in ambient air, Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 8642–8651, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.018doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.018, 2009.

Sadanaga, Y., Yoshino, A., Kato, S., Yoshioka, A., Watanabe, K., Miyakawa, Y., Hayashi, I., Ichikawa, M., Matsumoto, J., Nishiyama, A., Akiyama, N., Kanaya, Y., and Kajii, Y.: The importance of NO2 and volatile organic compounds in the urban air from the viewpoint of the OH reactivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019661doi:10.1029/2004gl019661, 2004.

Sadanaga, Y., Yoshino, A., Kato, S., and Kajii, Y.: Measurements of oh reactivity and photochemical ozone production in the urban atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 8847–8852, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es049457pdoi:10.1021/es049457p, 2005.

Sadanaga, Y., Kondo, S., Hashimoto, K., and Kajii, Y.: Measurement of the rate coefficient for the OH$+$NO2 reaction under the atmospheric pressure: Its humidity dependence, Chem. Phys. Lett., 419, 474–478, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.026doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.026, 2006.

Sciare, J., d'Argouges, O., Zhang, Q. J., Sarda-Estève, R., Gaimoz, C., Gros, V., Beekmann, M., and Sanchez, O.: Comparison between simulated and observed chemical composition of fine aerosols in Paris (France) during springtime: contribution of regional versus continental emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11987–12004, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11987-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11987-2010, 2010.

Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, Ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

Shirley, T. R., Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Mao, J., Lesher, R., Cardenas, B., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Lamb, B., Velasco, E., Jobson, T., and Alexander, M.: Atmospheric oxidation in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) during April 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2753–2765, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2753-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-2753-2006, 2006.

Sinha, V., Williams, J., Crowley, J. N., and Lelieveld, J.: The Comparative Reactivity Method – a new tool to measure total OH Reactivity in ambient air, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2213–2227, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2213-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2213-2008, 2008.

Sinha, V., Custer, T. G., Kluepfel, T., and Williams, J.: The effect of relative humidity on the detection of pyrrole by PTR-MS for OH reactivity measurements, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 282, 108–111, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2009.02.019doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2009.02.019, 2009.

Sinha, V., Williams, J., Lelieveld, J., Ruuskanen, T. M., Kajos, M. K., Patokoski, J., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Mogensen, D., Boy, M., Rinne, J., and Kulmala, M.: OH reactivity measurements within a boreal forest: Evidence for unknown reactive emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6614–6620, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es101780bdoi:10.1021/es101780b, 2010.

Sinha, V., Williams, J., Diesch, J. M., Drewnick, F., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Regelin, E., Kubistin, D., Bozem, H., Hosaynali-Beygi, Z., Fischer, H., Andrés-Hernández, M. D., Kartal, D., Adame, J. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Constraints on instantaneous ozone production rates and regimes during DOMINO derived using in-situ OH reactivity measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7269–7283, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7269-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-7269-2012, 2012.

Stohl, A., Forster, C., Frank, A., Seibert, P., and Wotawa, G.: Technical note: The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 6.2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2461–2474, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-2461-2005, 2005.

Tuch, T. M., Haudek, A., Müller, T., Nowak, A., Wex, H., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design and performance of an automatic regenerating adsorption aerosol dryer for continuous operation at monitoring sites, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 417–422, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-417-2009doi:10.5194/amt-2-417-2009, 2009.

Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-2891-2009, 2009.

Vardoulakis, S., Gonzalez-Flesca, N., and Fisher, B. E. A.: Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in two street canyons in paris: Implications for exposure studies, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1025–1039, 2002.

Velasco, E., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Allwine, E., Sosa, G., Arriaga-Colina, J. L., Jobson, B. T., Alexander, M. L., Prazeller, P., Knighton, W. B., Rogers, T. M., Grutter, M., Herndon, S. C., Kolb, C. E., Zavala, M., de Foy, B., Volkamer, R., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Distribution, magnitudes, reactivities, ratios and diurnal patterns of volatile organic compounds in the Valley of Mexico during the MCMA 2002 & 2003 field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 329–353, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-329-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-329-2007, 2007.

Xu, X., Stee, L. L. P., Williams, J, Beens, J., Adahchour, M., Vreuls, R. J. J., Brinkman, U. A., and Lelieveld, J.: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) measurements of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 665–682, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-665-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-665-2003, 2003.

Yoshino, A., Sadanaga, Y., Watanabe, K., Kato, S., Miyakawa, Y., Matsumoto, J., and Kajii, Y.: Measurement of total OH reactivity by laser-induced pump and probe technique – comprehensive observations in the urban atmosphere of Tokyo, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7869–7881, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.023doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.023, 2006.