<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-12-4843-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Effect of chemical degradation on fluxes of reactive compounds – a study with a stochastic Lagrangian transport model</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rinne</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Markkanen</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ruuskanen</surname>
<given-names>T. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Petäjä</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keronen</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Crowley</surname>
<given-names>J. N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rannik</surname>
<given-names>Ü.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vesala</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>4843</fpage>
<lpage>4854</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4843/2012/acp-12-4843-2012.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4843/2012/acp-12-4843-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4843/2012/acp-12-4843-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4843/2012/acp-12-4843-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>In the analyses of VOC fluxes measured above plant
canopies, one usually assumes the flux above canopy to equal the exchange at
the surface. Thus one assumes the chemical degradation to be much slower
than the turbulent transport. We used a stochastic Lagrangian transport
model in which the chemical degradation was described as first order decay
in order to study the effect of the chemical degradation on above canopy
fluxes of chemically reactive species. With the model we explored the
sensitivity of the ratio of the above canopy flux to the surface emission on
several parameters such as chemical lifetime of the compound, friction
velocity, stability, and canopy density. Our results show that friction
velocity and chemical lifetime affected the loss during transport the most.
The canopy density had a significant effect if the chemically reactive
compound was emitted from the forest floor. We used the results of the
simulations together with oxidant data measured during HUMPPA-COPEC-2010
campaign at a Scots pine site to estimate the effect of the chemistry on
fluxes of three typical biogenic VOCs, isoprene, α-pinene, and
β-caryophyllene. Of these, the chemical degradation had a major
effect on the fluxes of the most reactive species β-caryophyllene,
while the fluxes of α-pinene were affected during nighttime. For
these two compounds representing the mono- and sesquiterpenes groups, the
effect of chemical degradation had also a significant diurnal cycle with the
highest chemical loss at night. The different day and night time loss terms
need to be accounted for, when measured fluxes of reactive compounds are
used to reveal relations between primary emission and environmental
parameters.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="12"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Atkinson, R.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of organic compounds, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. Monogr., 2, 216 pp.,, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Boy, M., Sogachev, A., Lauros, J., Zhou, L., Guenther, A., and Smolander, S.: SOSA – a new model to simulate the concentrations of organic vapours and sulphuric acid inside the ABL – Part 1: Model description and initial evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 43–51, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-43-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-43-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ciccioli, P., Brancaleoni, E., Frattoni, M., Di Palo, V., Valentini, R., Tirone, G., Seufert, G., Bertin, N., Hansen, U., Csiky, O., Lenz, R., and Sharma, M.: Emission of reactive terpene compounds from orange orchards and their removal by within-canopy processes. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 8077–8094, 1999 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Crowley, J.N., Schuster, G., Pouvesle, N., Parchatka, U., Fischer, H., Bonn, B., Bingemer, H., and Lelieveld, J.: Nocturnal nitrogen oxides at a rural mountain site in south-western Germany, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2795–2812, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2795-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-2795-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Damköhler, G.: Der Einfluss der Turbulenz auf die Flammengeschwindigkeit in Gasgemischen, Zeitschrift für Electrochemie und Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, 46, 601–626, 1940. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Eisele, F. and Tanner, D.: Ion-assisted tropospheric OH measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9295–9308, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Eisele, F. and Tanner, D.: Measurement of the gas phase concentration of H2SO4 and methane sulfonic acid and estimates of H2SO4 production and loss in the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 9001–9010, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Faloona, I. C., Tan, D., Lesher, R. L., Hazen, N. L., Frame, C. L., Simpas, J. B., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Di Carlo, P., Ren, X., and Brune, W. H.: A Laser-induced Fluorescence Instrument for \noindent detecting tropospheric OH and HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;: characteristics and calibration, J. Atmos. Chem. 47, 139–167, 2004 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Forkel, R., Klemm, O., Graus, M., Rappengluck, B., Stockwell, W. R., Grabmer, W., Held, A., Hansel, A., and Steinbrecher, R.: Trace gas exchange and gas phase chemistry in a Norway spruce forest: A study with a coupled 1-dimensional canopy atmospheric chemistry emission model, Atmos. Environ., 40, Supplement 1, S28–S42, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fowler, D., Pilegaard, K., Sutton, M. A., Ambus, P., Raivonen, M., Duyzer, J., Simpson, D., Fagerli, H., Fuzzi, S., Schjoerring, J. K., Granier, C., Neftel, A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Laj, P., Maione, M., Monks, P. S., Burkhardt, J., Daemmgen, U., Neirynck, J., Personne, E., Wichink-Kruit, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Flechard, C., Tuovinen, J. P., Coyle, M., Gerosa, G., Loubet, B., Altimir, N., Gruenhage, L., Ammann, C., Cieslik, S., Paoletti, E., Mikkelsen, T. N., Ro-Poulsen, H., Cellier, P., Cape, J. N., Horváth, L., Loreto, F., Niinemets, Ü., Palmer, P. I., Rinne, J., Misztal, P., Nemitz, E., Nilsson, D., Pryor, S., Gallagher, M. W., Vesala, T., Skiba, U., Brüeggemann, N., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S., Williams, J., O&apos;Dowd, C., Facchini, M. C., de Leeuw, G., Flossman, A., Chaumerliaco, N., and Erisman, J. W.: Atmospheric Composition Change: Ecosystems – Atmosphere interactions. Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193–5267, 2009 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Guenther, A., Zimmermann, P., Harley, P., Monson, R., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12609–12617, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay W. A., Pierce T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873–8892, 1995 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hakola, H., Tarvainen, V., Bäck, J., Ranta, H., Bonn, B., Rinne, J., and Kulmala, M.: Seasonal variation of mono- and sesquiterpene emission rates of Scots pine. Biogeosci., 3, 93–101, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for measuring ecosystem atmosphere relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 315–322, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hörtnagl, L., Bamberger, I., Graus, M. Ruuskanen, T. M. Schnitzhofer, R., Müller, M. Hansel, A., and Wohlfahrt G.: Biotic, abiotic, and management controls on methanol exchange above a temperate mountain grassland, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G03021, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001641doi:10.1029/2011JG001641, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kesselmeier, J., Guenther, A., Hoffmann, T., Piedade, M. T., and Warnke, J.: Natural volatile organic compound emissions from plants and their roles in oxidant balance and particle formation, in: Amazonia and global change, edited by: Keller, M., Bustamante, M., Gash, J. H. C., and Silva Dias, P., Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA, 183–206, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Launiainen, S., Rinne, J., Pumpanen, J., Kulmala, L., Kolari, P., Keronen, P., Siivola, E., Pohja, T., Hari, P., and Vesala, T.: Eddy-covariance measurements of CO2 and sensible and latent heat fluxes during a full year in a boreal pine forest trunk-space. Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 569–588, 2005 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Markkanen, T., Rannik, Ü., Marcolla, B., Cescatti, A. and Vesala, T.: Footprints and fetches for fluxes over forest canopies with varying structure and density, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 106, 437–459, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Massman, W. J.: An Analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by vegetation of arbitrary structure, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 83, 407–421, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Massman, W. J. and Weil, J. C.: An analytical one-dimensional second-order closure model of turbulence statistics and the Lagrangian time scale within and above plant canopies of arbitrary structure, Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 91, 81–107, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Müller, M., Graus, M., Ruuskanen, T. M., Schnitzhofer, R., Bamberger, I., Kaser, L., Titzmann, T., Hörtnagl, L., Wohlfahrt, G., Karl, T., and Hansel, A.: First eddy covariance flux measurements by PTR-TOF, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 387–395, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-387-2010doi:10.5194/amt-3-387-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Obukhov, A. M.: Turbulence in an atmosphere with a non-uniform temperature. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 2, 7–29, 1971 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Petäjä, T., Mauldin III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., Adamov, A., Kotiaho, T., and Kulmala, M.: Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 7435–7448, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009, 2009 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Räisänen, T., Ryyppö, A., and Kellomäki, S.: Monoterpene emission of a boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 808–819, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rannik, Ü., Aubinet, M., Kurbanmuradov, O., Sabelfeld, K. K., Markkanen, T., and Vesala, T.: Footprint analysis for measurements over a heterogeneous forest. Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 97, 137-166, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rannik, Ü., Markkanen, T., Raittila, J., Hari, P., and Vesala, T.: Turbulence statistics inside and over forest: Influence on footprint prediction, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 109, 163–189, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rannik, Ü., Sogachev, A., Foken, T., Göckede, M., Kljun, N., Leclerc, M. Y., and Vesala, T.: Footprint Analysis, edited by: Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., in: Eddy Covariance Handbook, Springer, 211–261, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rinne, J., Hakola, H., Laurila, T., and Rannik, Ü.: Canopy scale monoterpene emissions of Pinus sylvestris dominated forests, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1099–1107, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rinne, H. J. I., Guenther, A. B., Greenberg, J. P., and Harley, P. C.: Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes measured above Amazonian rainforest and their dependence on light and temperature, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2421–2426, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rinne, J., Taipale, R., Markkanen, T., Ruuskanen, T. M., Hellén, H., Kajos, M. K., Vesala, T., and Kulmala, M.: Hydrocarbon fluxes above a Scots pine forest canopy: measurements and modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3361–3372, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3361-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-3361-2007, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rinne, J., Bäck J., and Hakola, H.: Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from Eurasian taiga: Current knowledge and future directions, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 807–826, 2009 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ruuskanen, T. M., Müller, M., Schnitzhofer, R., Karl, T., Graus, M., Bamberger, I., Hörtnagl, L., Brilli, F., Wohlfahrt, G., and Hansel, A.: Eddy covariance VOC emission and deposition fluxes above grassland using PTR-TOF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 611–625, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-611-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-611-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Shu, Y. and Atkinson, R: Atmospheric lifetimes and fates of a series of sesquiterpenes. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7275–7281, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Strong, C., Fuentes, J. D., and Baldocchi, D.: Reactive hydrocarbon footprints during canopy senescence, Agric. For. Meteorol., 127, 159–173, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stull, R. B.: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, The Netherlands, 666 pp., 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Taipale, R., Kajos, M. K., Patokoski, J., Rantala, P., Ruuskanen, T. M., and Rinne, J.: Role of de novo biosynthesis in ecosystem scale monoterpene emissions from a boreal Scots pine forest, Biogeosciences, 8, 2247–2255, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-2247-2011doi:10.5194/bg-8-2247-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tanner, D., Jefferson, A., and Eisele, F.: Selected ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric measurement of OH. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6415–6425, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thomson, D. J.: Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows. J. Fluid. Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vesala, T., Kljun, N., Rannik, Ü., Rinne, J., Sogachev, A., Markkanen, T., Sabelfeld, K., Foken, Th., and Leclerc, M. Y.: Flux and concentration footprint modelling: State of the art. Environ. Poll., 152, 653–666, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Williams, J., Crowley, J., Fischer, H., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Petäjä, T., Rinne, J., Bäck, J., Boy, M., Dal Maso, M., Hakala, J., Kajos, M., Keronen, P., Rantala, P., Aalto, J., Aaltonen, H., Paatero, J., Vesala, T., Hakola, H., Levula, J., Pohja, T., Herrmann, F., Auld, J., Mesarchaki, E., Song, W., Yassaa, N., Nölscher, A., Johnson, A. M., Custer, T., Sinha, V., Thieser, J., Pouvesle, N., Taraborrelli, D., Tang, M. J., Bozem, H., Hosaynali-Beygi, Z., Axinte, R., Oswald, R., Novelli, A., Kubistin, D., Hens, K., Javed, U., Trawny, K., Breitenberger, C., Hidalgo, P. J., Ebben, C. J., Geiger, F. M., Corrigan, A. L., Russell, L. M., Ouwersloot, H. G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, J., Ganzeveld, L., Vogel, A., Beck, M., Bayerle, A., Kampf, C. J., Bertelmann, M., Köllner, F., Hoffmann, T., Valverde, J., González, D., Riekkola, M.-L., Kulmala, M., and Lelieveld, J.: The summertime Boreal forest field measurement intensive (HUMPPA-COPEC-2010): an overview of meteorological and chemical influences, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10599–10618, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10599-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-10599-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>