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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-12-4313-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Atmospheric histories and growth trends of C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;, C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ivy</surname>
<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arnold</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harth</surname>
<given-names>C. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Steele</surname>
<given-names>L. P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mühle</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rigby</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Salameh</surname>
<given-names>P. K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Leist</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krummel</surname>
<given-names>P. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fraser</surname>
<given-names>P. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss</surname>
<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Prinn</surname>
<given-names>R. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>now at: Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>now at: Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>4313</fpage>
<lpage>4325</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4313/2012/acp-12-4313-2012.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4313/2012/acp-12-4313-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4313/2012/acp-12-4313-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4313/2012/acp-12-4313-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Atmospheric observations and trends are presented for the high molecular
weight perfluorocarbons (PFCs): decafluorobutane (C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;),
dodecafluoropentane (C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;), tetradecafluorohexane (C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;),
hexadecafluoroheptane (C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;) and octadecafluorooctane
(C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;). Their atmospheric histories are based on measurements of 36
Northern Hemisphere and 46 Southern Hemisphere archived air samples collected
between 1973 to 2011 using the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment
(AGAGE) &quot;Medusa&quot; preconcentration gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
systems. A new calibration scale was prepared for each PFC, with estimated
accuracies of 6.8% for C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, 7.8% for C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, 4.0%
for C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;, 6.6% for C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; and 7.9% for C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;.
Based on our observations the 2011 globally averaged dry air mole fractions
of these heavy PFCs are: 0.17 parts-per-trillion (ppt, i.e., parts per
10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;) for C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.12 ppt for C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.27 ppt for
C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;, 0.12 ppt for C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; and 0.09 ppt for
C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;. These atmospheric mole fractions combine to contribute to a
global average radiative forcing of 0.35 mW m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;, which is 6% of
the total anthropogenic PFC radiative forcing (Montzka and Reimann, 2011; Oram
et al., 2012). The growth rates of the heavy perfluorocarbons were largest in the late 1990s
peaking at 6.2 parts per quadrillion (ppq, i.e., parts per 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;) per
year (yr) for C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, at 5.0 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; and
16.6 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt; and in the early 1990s for
C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; at 4.7 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and in the mid 1990s for
C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt; at 4.8 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. The 2011 globally averaged mean
atmospheric growth rates of these PFCs are subsequently lower at
2.2 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;, 1.4 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;,
5.0 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;14&lt;/sub&gt;, 3.4 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;7&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt;
and 0.9 ppq yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;18&lt;/sub&gt;. The more recent slowdown in the
growth rates suggests that emissions are declining as compared to the 1980s
and 1990s.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="13"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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