References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-4279-2012

A tropospheric ozone maximum over the equatorial Southern Indian Ocean

Zhang

¹ ² Li

Q. B.

¹ ² Murray

L. T.

³ Luo

⁴ Liu

⁵ Jiang

J. H.

⁴ Mao

¹ ² Chen

¹ ² Gao

¹ ² Livesey

⁴

Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, USA

National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA

14 05 2012

12 9 4279 4296

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4279/2012/acp-12-4279-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/4279/2012/acp-12-4279-2012.pdf

We examine the distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone (O3) from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) by using a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-Chem). MLS and TES observations of tropospheric O3 during 2005 to 2009 reveal a distinct, persistent O3 maximum, both in mixing ratio and tropospheric column, in May over the Equatorial Southern Indian Ocean (ESIO). The maximum is most pronounced in 2006 and 2008 and less evident in the other three years. This feature is also consistent with the total column O3 observations from the Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Model results reproduce the observed May O3 maximum and the associated interannual variability. The origin of the maximum reflects a complex interplay of chemical and dynamic factors. The O3 maximum is dominated by the O3 production driven by lightning nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which accounts for 62% of the tropospheric column O3 in May 2006. We find the contribution from biomass burning, soil, anthropogenic and biogenic sources to the O3 maximum are rather small. The O3 productions in the lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America both peak in May and are directly responsible for the O3 maximum over the western ESIO. The lightning outflow from Equatorial Asia dominates over the eastern ESIO. The interannual variability of the O3 maximum is driven largely by the anomalous anti-cyclones over the southern Indian Ocean in May 2006 and 2008. The lightning outflow from Central Africa and South America is effectively entrained by the anti-cyclones followed by northward transport to the ESIO.

References 1

Allen, D. J. and Pickering, K. E.: Evaluation of lightning flash rate parameterizations for use in a global chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4711, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002066doi:10.1029/2002JD002066, 2002.

Allen, D. J., Kasibhatla, P., Thompson, A. M., Rood, R. B., Doddridge, B. G., Pickering, K. E., Hudson, R. D., and Lin, S.-J.: Transport induced interannual variability of carbon monoxide using a chemistry and transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28655–28670, 1996a.

Allen, D. J., Rood, R. B., Thompson, A. M., and Hidson, R. D.: Three-dimensional 222Rn calculations using assimilated data and a convective mixing algorithm, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6871–6881, 1996b.

Allen, D. J., Pickering, K. E., Stenchikov, G. L., Thompson, A. M., and Kondo, Y.: A three-dimensional total odd nitrogen (NOy) simulation during SONEX using a stretched-grid chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3851–3876, 2000.

Allen, D. J., Pickering, K. E., Duncan, B., and Damon, M.: Impact of lightning NO emissions on North American photochemistry as determined using the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) model, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014062doi:10.1029/2010JD014062, 2010.

Aumann, H. H., Chahine, M. T., Gautier, C., Goldberg, M. D., Kalnay, E., McMillin, L. M., Revercomb, H., Rosenkranz, P. W., Smith, W. L., Staelin, D. H., Strow, L. L., and Susskind, J.: AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission: Design, science objectives and data products, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 253–264, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808356, 2003.

Balis, D., Kroon, M., Koukouli, M. E., Brinksma, E. J., Labow, G., Veefkind, J. P., and McPeters, R. D.: Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument total ozone column measurements using Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometer ground-based observations,~J. Geophys. Res.,~112, D24S46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008796doi:10.1029/2007JD008796, 2007.

Beer, R.: TES on the Aura mission: Scientific objectives, measurements, and analysis overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1102–1105, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.863716doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.863716, 2006.

Beer, R., Glavich, T. A., and Rider, D. M.: Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer for the Earth Observing System's Aura satellite, Appl. Optics, 40, 2356–2367, 2001.

Benkovitz, C., Scholtz, M., Pacyna, J., Tarrasón, L., Dignon, J., Voldner, E., Spiro, P., Logan, J., and Graedel, T.: Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29239–29253, 1996.

Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q. B., Liu, H. G. Y., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23073–23096, 2001.

Bloom, S., Silva, A. da, Dee, D., Bosilovich, M., Chern, J.-D., Pawson, S., Schubert, S., Sienkiewicz, M., Stajner, I., Tan, W.-W., and Wu, M.-L.: Documentation and Validation of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Data Assimilation System – Version 4, 2005.

Bowman, K. W., Rodgers, C. D., Kulawik, S. S., Worden, J., Sarkissian, E., Osterman, G., Steck, T., Luo, M., Eldering, A., Shephard, M., Worden, H., Lampel, M., Clough, S., Brown, P., Rinsland, C., Gunson, M., and Beer, R.: Tropospheric emission spectrometer: Retrieval method and error analysis,~IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,~44, 1297–1307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.871234doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.871234, 2006.

Brasseur, G. P., Hauglustaine, D. A., Walters, S., Rasch, P. J., Müller, J.-F., Granier, C., and Tie, X. X.: MOZART: A global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers: 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28265–28289, 1998.

Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Duncan, B. N., Diehl, T. L., Livesey, N. J., and Froidevaux, L.: Effects of the 2006 El Niño on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: implications for dynamics and biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4239–4249, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-4239-2009, 2009.

Chen, Y., Li, Q., Randerson, J. T., Lyons, E. A., Kahn, R. A., Nelson, D. L., and Diner, D. J.: The sensitivity of CO and aerosol transport to the temporal and vertical distribution of North American boreal fire emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6559–6580, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6559-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6559-2009, 2009.

Christian, H. J., Blakeslee, R. J., Boccippio, D. J., Boeck, W. L., Buechler, D. E., Driscoll, K. T., Goodman, S. J., Hall, J. M., Koshak, W. J., Mach, D. M., and Stewart, M. F.: Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the optical transient detector, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002347doi:10.1029/2002JD002347, 2003.

Divakarla, M., Barnet, C., Goldverg, M., Maddy, E., Irion, F., Newchurch, M., Liu, X. P., Wolf, W., Flynn, L., Labow, G., Xiong, X. Z., Wei, J., and Zhou, L.: Evaluation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder ozone profiles and total ozone retrievals with matched ozonesonde measurements, ECMWF ozone data, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument retrievals,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D15308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009317doi:10.1029/2007JD009317, 2008.

Fishman, J., Watson, C. E., Larsen, J. C., and Logan, J. A.: Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3599–3617, 1990.

Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O., and Kaufman, Y. J.: An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment, 87, 273–282, 2003.

Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 957–974, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-957-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-957-2006, 2006.

Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.

Hack, J. J.: Parameterization of moist convection in the NCAR community climate model (CCM2), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5551–5568, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93JD03478doi:10.1029/93JD03478, 1994.

Horowitz, L., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D., Emmons, L., Rasch, P., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., and Brasseur, G.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4784, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002853doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003.

Hudman, R. C., Jacob, D. J., Turquety, S., Leibensperger, E. M., Murray, L. T., Wu, S., Gilliland, A. B., Avery, M., Bertram, T. H., Brune, W., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Flocke, F. M., Fried, A., Holloway, J., Neuman, J. A., Orville, R., Perring, A., Ren, X., Sachse, G. W., Singh, H. B., Swanson, A., and Wooldridge, P. J.: Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S05, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007912doi:10.1029/2006JD007912, 2007.

Jacob, D. J., Heikes, B. G., Fan, S.-M., Logan, J. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bradshaw, J. D., Singh, H. B., Gregory, G. L., Talbot, R. W., Blake, D. R., and Sachse, G. W.: Origin of ozone and NO$_\textx$ in the tropical troposphere: a photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24235–24350, 1996.

Jourdain, L., Worden, H. M., Bowman, K., Li, Q. B., Eldering, A., Kulawik, S. S., Osterman, G., Boersma, K. F., Fisher, B., Rinsland, C. P., Beer, R., and Gunson, M.: Tropospheric vertical distribution of tropical Atlantic ozone observed by TES during the northern African biomass burning season,~Geophys. Res. Lett.,~34, L04810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028284doi:10.1029/2006GL028284, 2007.

Jourdain, L., Kulawik, S. S., Worden, H. M., Pickering, K. E., Worden, J., and Thompson, A. M.: Lightning NO$_\textx$ emissions over the USA constrained by TES ozone observations and the GEOS-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 107–119, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-107-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-107-2010, 2010.

Kalnay E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, B., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437–471, 1996.

Komala, N., Saraspriya, S., Kita, K., and Ogawa, T.: Tropospheric ozone behavior observed in Indonesia, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1851–1856, 1996.

Kulawik, S. S., Worden, J., Eldering, A., Bowman, K., Gunson, M., Osterman, G. B., Zhang, L., Clough, S., Shephard, M. W., and Beer, R.: Implementation of cloud retrievals for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) atmospheric retrievals: part 1. Description and characterization of errors on trace gas retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006733doi:10.1029/2005JD006733, 2006.

Lacis, A. A., Wuebbles, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9971–9981, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD07p09971doi:10.1029/JD095iD07p09971, 1990.

Levelt, P. F., Hilsenrath, E., Leppelmeier, G. W., van den Oord, G. H. J., Bhartia, P. K., Tamminen, J., de Haan, J. F., and Veefkind, J. P.: Science objectives of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1199–1208, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.872336doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872336, 2006a.

Levelt, P. F., van den Oord, G. H. J., Dobber, M. R., Mälkki, A., Visser, H., de Vries, J., Stammes, P., Lundell, J. O. V., and Saari, H.: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1093–1101, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.872333doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.872333, 2006b.

Levy, H.: Normal atmosphere: Large radical and formaldehyde concentrations predicted, Science, 173, 141–143, 1971.

Lin, S. J. and Rood, R. B.: Multidimensional flux form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes, Mon. Weather Rev., 124, 2046–2070, 1996.

Liu, J. J., Jones, D. B. A., Worden, J. R., Noone, D., Parrington, M., and Kar, J.: Analysis of the summertime buildup of tropospheric ozone abundances over the Middle East and North Africa as observed by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010993doi:10.1029/2008JD010993, 2009.

Liu, J. J., Jones, D. B. A., Zhang, S., and Kar, J.: Influence of interannual variations in transport on summertime abundances of ozone over the Middle East, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20310, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016188doi:10.1029/2011JD016188, 2011.

Livesey, N. J., Snyder, W. V., Read, W. G., and Wagner, P. A.: Retrieval algorithms for the EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1144–1155, 2006.

Livesey, N. J., Filipiak, M., Froidevaux, L., Read, W., Lambert, A., Santee, M., Jiang, J., Waters, J., Drouin, B., Cofield, R., Cuddy, D., Fuller, R., Jarnot, R., Jiang, Y., Knosp, B., Li, Q. B., Schwartz, M., Snyder, W., Stek, P., Wagner, P., Pumphrey, H., Avery, M., Browell, E., Christiensen, L., Edwards, D., Emmons, L., Fahey, D., Gao, R., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J., Osterman, G., Sachse, G., and Webster, C.: Validation of EOS MLS O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S02, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008805doi:10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008.

Livesey, N. J., Read, G. W., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Manney, L. G., Pumphrey, C. H., Santee, L. M., Schwartz, J. M., Wang, S., Cofield, E. R., Cuddy, T. D., Fuller A. R., Jarnot, F. R., Jiang, H. J., Knosp, W. B., Stek C. P., Wagner, A. P., and Wu, L. D.: Version 3.3 Level 2 data quality and description document, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2011.

Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C., and McElroy, M. B.: Tropospheric chemistry: A global perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210–7254, 1981.

Logan, J. A., Megretskaia, I., Nassar, R., Murray, T. L., Zhang, L., Bowman, W. K., Worden, W. H., and Luo, M.: Effects of the 2006 El Niño on tropospheric composition as revealed by data from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03816, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031698doi:10.1029/2007GL031698, 2008.

Luo, M., Rinsland, C. P., Logan, J. A., Worden, J., Kulawik, S., Eldering, A., Goldman, A., Shephard, M. W., Gunson, M., and Lampel M.: Comparison of carbon monoxide measurements by TES and MOPITT: The influence of a priori data and instrument characteristics on nadir atmospheric species retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007663doi:10.1029/2006JD007663, 2007.

Martin, R. V., Sauvage, B., Folkins, I., Sioris, C. E., Boone, C., Bernath, P., and Ziemke, J.: Space-based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007831doi:10.1029/2006JD007831, 2007.

McLinden, C. A., Olsen, S. C., Hannegan, B., Wild, O., Prather, M. J., and Sundet, J.: Stratospheric ozone in 3-D models: A simple chemistry and the cross-tropopause flux, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14653–14666, 2000.

McPeters, R., Kroon, M., Labow, G., Brinksma, E., Balis, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Veefkind, J. P., Bhartia, P. K., and Levelt, P. F.: Validation of the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column ozone product,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D15S14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008802doi:10.1029/2007JD008802, 2008.

Moorthi, S. and Suarez, M. J.: Relaxed Arakawa–Schubert: A parameterization of moist convection for general circulation models, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 978–1002, 1992.

Murray, L. T., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Hudman, R. C., and Koshak, W. J.: Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., submitted, 2012.

Nassar, R., Logan, J. A., Worden, H. M., Megretskaia, I. A., Bowman, K. W., Osterman, G. B., Thompson, A. M., Tarasick, D. W., Austin S., Claude, H., Dubey, M. K., Hocking, W. K., Johnson, B. J., Joseph, E., Merrill, J., Morris, G. A., Newchurch, M., Oltmans, S. J., Posny, F., Schmidlin, F. J., Vomel, H., Whiteman, D. N., and Witte, J. C.: Validation of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) nadir ozone profiles using ozonesonde measurements,~J. Geophys. Res.,~113, D15S17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008819doi:10.1029/2007JD008819, 2008.

Nassar, R., Logan, J. A., Megretskaia, I. A., Murray, L. T., Zhang, L., and Jones, D. B. A.: Analysis of tropospheric ozone, carbon monoxide and water vapor during the 2006 El Niño using TES observations and the GEOS-Chem model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011760doi:10.1029/2009JD011760, 2009.

Olivier, J. G. J. and Berdowski, J. J. M.: Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, edited by: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R., and Heij, B. J., pp. 33–78, A. A. Balkema, Lisse, Netherlands, 2001.

Oman, L. D., Ziemke, J. R., Douglass, A. R., Waugh, D. W., Lang, C., Rodriguez, J. M., and Nielsen, J. E.: The response of tropical tropospheric ozone to ENSO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13706, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047865doi:10.1029/2011GL047865, 2011.

Osterman, G. B., Kulawik, S. S., Worden, H., Richards, N. A., Fisher, B. M., Eldering, A., Shephard, M. W., Froidevaux, L., Labow, G., Luo, M., Herman, R. L., Bowman, K. W., and Thompson, A. M.: Validation of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) measurements of the total, stratospheric, and tropospheric column abundance of ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S16, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008801doi:10.1029/2007JD008801, 2008.

Parkinson, C. L.: Aqua: An Earth-observing satellite mission to examine waterand other climate variables, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 173–183, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.808319doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808319, 2003.

Pickering, K. E., Wang, Y. S., Tao, W. K., Price, C., and Muller, J. F.: Vertical distributions of lightning NO$_\textx$ for use in regional and global chemical transport models, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31203–31216, 1998.

Price, C. and Rind, D. H.: A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9919–9933, 1992.

Price, C. and Rind, D. H.: What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 463–466, 1993.

Price, C. and Rind, D. H.: Modeling global lightning distributions in a general circulation model, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 1930–1939, 1994.

Randerson, J. T., Liu, H., Flanner, M. G., Chambers, S. D., Jin, Y., Hess, P. G., Pfister, G., Mack, M. C., Treseder, K. K., Welp, L. R., Chapin, F. S., Harden, J. W., Goulden, M. L., Lyons, E., Neff, J. C., Schuur, E., and Zender, C. S.: The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming, Science, 314, 1130–1132, 2006.

Rienecker, M.: File specification for GEOS-5 DAS gridded output, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2008.

Sander, S. P., Friedl, R. R., DeMore, W. B., Golden, D. M., Kurylo, M. J., Hampson, R. F., Huie, R. E., Moortgat, G. K., Ravishankara, A. R., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J.: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling, Technical Report JPL Publication 00-3, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 2000.

Sauvage, B., Martin, R. V., van Donkelaar, A., Liu, X., Chance, K., Jaeglé, L., Palmer, P. I., Wu, S., and Fu, T.-M.: Remote sensed and in situ constraints on processes affecting tropical tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 815–838, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-815-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-815-2007, 2007.

Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Hilsenrath, E., Bhartia, P. K., Beer, R., Waters, J. W., Gunson, M. R., Froidevaux, L., Gille, J. C., Barnett, J. J., Levelt, P. F., and DeCola, P.: Overview of the EOS Aura mission, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1066–1074, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.861950doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.861950, 2006.

Shim, C., Li, Q. B., Luo, M., Kulawik, S., Worden, H., Worden, J., Eldering, A., Avery, M., Diskin, G., Sachse, G.: A. Weinheimer, D. Knapp, D. Montzca, and T. Campos, Satellite observations of Mexico City pollution outflow from the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES), Atmos. Environ., 43, 1540–1547, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.026doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.11.026, 2009.

Tan, W., Geller, M. A., Pawson, S., and da Silva, A. M.: A case study of excessive subtropical transport in the stratosphere of a data assimilation system, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D11102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004057doi:10.1029/2003JD004057, 2004.

Thompson, A. M., Pickering, K. E., McNamara, D. P., Schoeberl, M. R., Hudson, R. D., Kim, J. H., Browell, E. V., Kirchhoff, V. W. J. H., and Nganga, D.: Where did tropospheric ozone over southern Africa and the tropical Atlantic come from in October 1992? Insights from TOMS, GTE TRACE-A and SAFARI 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24251–24278, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JD01463doi:10.1029/96JD01463, 1996.

Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Hudson, R. D., Guo, H., Herman, J. R., and Fujiwara, M.: Tropical tropospheric ozone and biomass burning, Science, 291, 2128–2132, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5511.2128doi:10.1126/science.291.5511.2128, 2001.

van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006.

Wang, Y., Jacob, D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NO$_\textx$-hydrocarbon chemistry, 1. Model formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 10713–10726, 1998.

Waters, J. W., Froidevaux, L., Harwood, R. S., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett, H. M., Read, W. G., Siegel, P. H., Cofield, R. E., Filipiak, M. J., Flower, D. A., Holden, J. R., Lau, G. K., Livesey, N. J., Manney, G. L., Pumphrey, H. C., Santee, M. L., Wu, D. L., Cuddy, D. T., Lay, R. R., Loo, M. S., Perun, V. S., Schwartz, M. J., Stek, P. C., Thurstans, R. P., Boyles, M. A., Chandra, K. M., Chavez, M. C., Chen, G. S., Chudasama, B. V., Dodge, R., Fuller, R. A., Girard, M. A., Jiang, J. H., Jiang Y. Knosp, B. W., LaBelle, R. C., Lam, J. C., Lee, K. A., Miller, D., Oswald, J. E., Patel, N. C., Pukala, D. M., Quintero, O., Scaff, D. M., Van Snyder, W., Tope, M. C., Wagner, P. A., and Walch, M. J.: The Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (EOS MLS) on the Aura satellite, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1075–1092, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.873771doi:10.1109/TGRS.2006.873771, 2006. \hack

Weaver, C. J., Douglass, A. R., and Rood, R. B.: Thermodynamic balance of three-dimensional stratospheric winds derived from a data assimilation procedure, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2987–2993, 1993.

Wild, O., Zhu, X., and Prather, M. J.: FAST-J: Accurate simulation of in- and below-cloud photolysis in tropospheric chemical models, J. Atmos. Chem., 37, 245–282, 2000.

Worden, H. M., Logan, J. A., Worden, J. R., Beer, R., Bowman, K., Clough, S. A., Eldering, A., Fisher, B. M., Gunson, M. R., Herman, R. L., Kulawik, S. S., Lampel, M. C., Luo, M., Meqretskaia, I. A., Osterman, G. B., and Shephard, M. W.: Comparisons of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) ozone profiles to ozonesondes: Methods and initial results, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007258doi:10.1029/2006JD007258, 2007.

Yevich, R. and Logan, J. A.: An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 1095, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001952doi:10.1029/2002GB001952, 2003.

Zhang, G. J. and McFarlane, N. A.: Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian climate centre general circulation model, Atmos.-Ocean, 33, 407–446, 1995.

Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., He, K. B., Huo, H., Kannari, A., Klimont, Z., Park, I. S., Reddy, S., Fu, J. S., Chen, D., Duan, L., Lei, Y., Wang, L. T., and Yao, Z. L.: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131–5153, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5131-2009, 2009.

Zhang, L., Li, Q. B., Jin, J., Liu, H., Livesey, N., Jiang, J. H., Mao, Y., Chen, D., Luo, M., and Chen, Y.: Impacts of 2006 Indonesian fires and dynamics on tropical upper tropospheric carbon monoxide and ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10929–10946, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10929-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-10929-2011, 2011.

Ziemke, J. R., Chandra, S., Duncan, B. N., Schoeberl, M. R., Torres, O., Damon, M. R., and Bhartia, P. K.: Recent biomass burning in the tropics and related changes in tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15819, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039303doi:10.1029/2009GL039303, 2009.