References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-3821-2012

Unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 column measurements at Eureka, Canada during winter/spring 2011

Lindenmaier

¹ ¹⁰ Strong

¹ Batchelor

R. L.

² Chipperfield

M. P.

³ Daffer

W. H.

⁴ Drummond

J. R.

⁵ Duck

T. J.

⁵ Fast

⁶ Feng

³ ⁷ Fogal

P. F.

¹ ⁶ Kolonjari

¹ Manney

G. L.

⁴ ⁸ Manson

⁹ Meek

⁹ Mittermeier

R. L.

⁶ Nott

G. J.

⁵ Perro

⁵ Walker

K. A.

Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A7, Canada

Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, Colorado, 80310, USA

Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA

Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, 6310 Coburg Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1Z9, Canada

Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada

National Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, 87801, USA

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada

now at: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, 87545, USA

27 04 2012

12 8 3821 3835

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3821/2012/acp-12-3821-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3821/2012/acp-12-3821-2012.pdf

As a consequence of dynamically variable meteorological conditions, springtime Arctic ozone levels exhibit significant interannual variability in the lower stratosphere. In winter 2011, the polar vortex was strong and cold for an unusually long time. Our research site, located at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada (80.05° N, 86.42° W), was mostly inside the vortex from October 2010 until late March 2011. The Bruker 125HR Fourier transform infrared spectrometer installed at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka acquired measurements from 23 February to 6 April during the 2011 Canadian Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Validation Campaign. These measurements showed unusually low ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns compared to the previous 14 yr. To remove dynamical effects, we normalized these total columns by the HF total column. The normalized values of the ozone, HCl, and HNO3 total columns were smaller than those from previous years, and confirmed the occurrence of chlorine activation and chemical ozone depletion. To quantify the chemical ozone loss, a three-dimensional chemical transport model, SLIMCAT, and the passive subtraction method were used. The chemical ozone depletion was calculated as the mean percentage difference between the measured ozone and the SLIMCAT passive ozone, and was found to be 35%.

References 1

Adams, C., Strong, K., Zhao, X., Bassford, M. R., Chipperfield, M. P., Daffer, W., Drummond, J. R., Farahani, E. E., Feng, W., Fraser, A., Goutail, F., Manney, G., McLinden, C. A., Pazmino, A., Rex, M. and Walker, K. A.: Severe 2011 ozone depletion assessed with 11 years of ozone, NO2, and OClO measurements at 80N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05806, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050478doi:10.1029/2011GL050478, 2012.

Balis, D., Isaksen, I. S. A., Zerefos, C., Zyrichidou, I., Eleftheratos, K., Tourpali, K., Bojkov, R., Rognerud, B., Stordal, F., Sovde, O. A., and Orsolini, Y.: Observed and modeled record ozone decline over the Arctic during winter/spring 2011, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049259doi:10.1029/2011GL049259, 2011.

Batchelor, R. L., Strong, K., Lindenmaier, R., Mittermeier, R. L., Fast, H., Drummond, J. R., and Fogal, P. F.: A new Bruker IFS 125HR FTIR spectrometer for the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory at Eureka, Canada-measurements and comparison with the existing Bomem DA8 spectrometer, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 1328–1340, 2009.

Batchelor, R. L., Kolonjari, F., Lindenmaier, R., Mittermeier, R. L., Daffer, W., Fast, H., Manney, G., Strong, K., and Walker, K. A.: Four Fourier transform spectrometers and the Arctic polar vortex: instrument intercomparison and ACE-FTS validation at Eureka during the IPY springs of 2007 and 2008, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 51–66, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-51-2010doi:10.5194/amt-3-51-2010, 2010.

Bojkov, R. D., Bishop, L., and Fioletov, V. E.: Total ozone trends from quality-controlled ground-based data (1964-1994), J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25867–25876, 1995.

Chipperfield, M. P. and R. L. Jones: Relative influences of atmospheric chemistry and transport on Arctic ozone trends, Nature, 400, 551–554, 1999.

Chipperfield, M. P.: New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT off-line chemical transport model: Intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1179–1203, 2006.

Christensen, T., Knudsen, B. M., Streibel, M., Andersen, S. B., Benesova, A., Braathen, G., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Gerding, M., Gil, M., Henchoz, B., Kelder, H., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Peters, G., Skrivankova, P., St "ubi, R., Turunen, T., Vaughan, G., Viatte, P., Vik, A. F., von der Gathen, P., and Zaitcev, I.: Vortex-averaged Arctic ozone depletion in the winter 2002/2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 131–138, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-131-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-131-2005, 2005.

Chshyolkova, T., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Aso, T., Avery, S. K., Hall, C. M., Hocking, W., Igarashi, K., Jacobi, C., Makarov, N., Mitchell, N., Murayama, Y., Singer, W., Thorsen, D., and Tsutsumi, M.: Polar vortex evolution during Northern Hemispheric winter 2004/05, Ann. Geophys., 25, 1279–1298, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-1279-2007doi:10.5194/angeo-25-1279-2007, 2007.

Coy, L., Nash, E. R., and Newman P. A.: Meteorology of the polar vortex: Spring 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2693–2696, 1997.

De Mazière, M., Vigouroux, C., Bernath, P. F., Baron, P., Blumenstock, T., Boone, C., Brogniez, C., Catoire, V., Coffey, M., Duchatelet, P., Griffith, D., Hannigan, J., Kasai, Y., Jones, N., Mahieu, E., Manney, G. L., Piccolo, C., Randall, C., Robert, C., Senten, C., Strong, K., Taylor, J., Tétard, C., Walker, K. A., and Wood, S.: Validation of ACE-FTS v2.2 methane profiles from the upper troposphere to the lower mesosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2421–2435, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2421-2008doi:10.5194/acp-9-2421-2008, 2008.

Donovan, D. P., Fast, H., Makino, Y., Bird, J. C., Carswell, A. I., Davies, J., Duck, T. J., Kaminski, J. W., McElroy, C. T., Mittermeier, R. L., Pal, S. R., Savastiouk, V., Velkov, D., and Whiteway, J. A.: Ozone, column ClO, and PSC measurements made at the NDSC Eureka observatory (80° N, 86° W) during the spring of 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2709–2712, 1997.

Drdla, K. and Schoeberl, M. R.: Microphysical modeling of the 1999–2000 Arctic winter: 2. Chlorine activation and ozone depletion, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8319, 15 pp.,http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001159doi:10.1029/2001JD001159, 2003.

Duchatelet, P., Demoulin, P., Hase, F., Ruhnke, R., Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., and Mahieu, E.: Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model, characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014677doi:10.1029/2010JD014677, 2010.

Fairlie, T. D. A.: Three-dimensional transport simulations of the dispersal of volcanic aerosol from Mount Pinatubo, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 1943–1980, http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/smsqj.52808doi:10.1256/smsqj.52808, 1995.

Farahani, E. E., Fast, H., Mittermeier, R. L., Makino, Y., Strong, K., McLandress, C., Shepherd, T. G., Chipperfield, M. P., Hannigan, J. W., Coffey, M. T., Mikuteit, S., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., and Raffalski, U.: Nitric acid measurements at Eureka obtained in winter 2001-2002 using solar and lunar Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy: comparisons with observations at Thule and Kiruna and with results from three-dimensional models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D01305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007096doi:10.1029/2006JD007096, 2007.

Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G., and Shanklin, J. D.: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO$x$/NO$_\text x$ interaction, Nature, 315, 207–210, 1985.

Fast, H., Mittermeier, R. L., and Makino Y.: A ten-year record of Arctic trace gas total column measurements at Eureka, Canada, from 1997 to 2006, Atmos.-Ocean, 49, 67–94, 2011.

Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davies, S., Sen, B., Toon, G., Blavier, J. -F., Webster, C. R., Volk, C. M., Ulanovsky, A., Ravegnani, F., von der Gathen, P., Jost, H., Richard, E. C., and Claude, H.: Three-dimensional model study of the Arctic ozone loss in 2002/2003 and comparison with 1999/2000 and 2003/2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 139–152, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-139-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-139-2005, 2005.

Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davies, S., von der Gathen, P., Kirö, E., Volk, C. M., Ulanovsky, A., and Belyaev, G.: Large chemical ozone loss in 2004/2005 Arctic winter/spring, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL029098doi:10.1029/2006GL029098, 2007.

Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Davies, S., Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Dhomse, S., Harvey, L., Randall, C., and Santee, M. L.: Modelling the effect of denitrification on polar ozone depletion for Arctic winter 2004/2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6559–6573, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6559-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-6559-2011, 2011.

Fioletov, V. E., Kerr, J. B., Wardle, D. I., Davies, J., Hare, E. W., McElroy, C. T., and Tarasick, D. W.: Long-term ozone decline over the Canadian Arctic to early 1997 from ground-based and balloon observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2705–2708, 1997.

Fu, D., Walker, K. A., Mittermeier, R. L., Strong, K., Sung, K., Fast, H., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Daffer, W. H., Fogal, P., Kolonjari, F., Loewen, P., Manney, G. L., Mikhailov O., and Drummond J. R.: Simultaneous trace gas measurements using two Fourier transform spectrometers at Eureka, Canada during spring 2006, and comparisons with the ACE–FTS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5383–5405, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5383-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5383-2011, 2011.

Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Phillips, C., Daniel, C., Sarkissian, A., Lefèvre, F., Kyrö, E., Rummukainen, M., Ericksen, P., Andersen, S. B., Kaastad-Hoiskar, B.-A., Braathen, G., Dorokhov, V., and Khattatov, V. U.: Depletion of column ozone in the Arctic during the winters 1993–94 and 1994–95, J. Atmos. Chem., 32, 1–34, 1999.

Goutail, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Lefèvre, F., van Roozendael, M., Andersen, S. B., Kaastad-Hoiskar, B.-A., Dorokhov, V., Kyrö, E., Chipperfield, M. P., and Feng, W.: Early unusual ozone loss during the Arctic winter 2002/2003 compared to other winters, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 5, 665–677, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-665-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-665-2005, 2005.

Harvey, V. L., Pierce, R. B., Fairlie, T. D., and Hitchman, M. H.: A climatology of stratospheric polar vortices and anticyclones, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4442, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001471doi:10.1029/2001JD001471, 2002.

Hofmann, D. J. and Oltmans, S. J.: Anomalous Antarctic ozone during 1992: Evidence for Pinatubo volcanic aerosol effects, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18555–18562, 1993.

Jin, J. J., Semeniuk, K., Manney, G. L., Jonsson, A. I., Beagley, S. R., McConnell, J. C., Dufour, G., Nassar, R., Boone, C. D., Walker, K. A., Bernath, P. F., and Rinsland, C. P.: Severe Arctic ozone loss in the winter 2004/2005: observations from ACE-FTS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026752doi:10.1029/2006GL026752, 2006.

Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., Chipperfield, M. P., De Mazière, M., Notholt, J., Barthlott, S., Batchelor, R. L., Blatherwick, R. D., Blumenstock, Th., Coffey, M. T., Demoulin, P., Fast, H., Feng, W., Goldman, A., Griffith, D. W. T., Hamann, K., Hannigan, J. W., Hase, F., Jones, N. B., Kagawa, A., Kaiser, I., Kasai, Y., Kirner, O., Kouker, W., Lindenmaier, R., Mahieu, E., Mittermeier, R. L., Monge-Sanz, B., Morino, I., Murata, I., Nakajima, H., Palm, M., Paton-Walsh, C., Raffalski, U., Reddmann, Th., Rettinger, M., Rinsland, C. P., Rozanov, E., Schneider, M., Senten, C., Servais, C., Sinnhuber, B.-M., Smale, D., Strong, K., Sussmann, R., Taylor, J. R., Vanhaelewyn, G., Warneke, T., Whaley, C., Wiehle, M., and Wood, S. W.: Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total column abundances, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3527–3556, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3527-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-3527-2012, 2012.

Labitzke, K. and collaborators: The Berlin stratospheric data series CD from Meteorological Institute, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 2002.

Langematz, U. and Kunze, M.: An update on dynamical changes in the Arctic and Antarctic stratospheric polar vortices, Clim. Dynam., 27, 647–660, 2006.

Lowe, D. and MacKenzie, A. R.: Polar stratospheric cloud microphysics and chemistry, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 70, 13–40, 2008.

Mankin, W. G., Coffey, M. T., Goldman, A., Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L. R., and Newman, P. A.: Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over the Arctic in the winter of 1989, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 473–476, 1990.

Manney, G. L., Zurek, R. W., O'Neill, A., and Swinbank, R.: On the motion of air through the stratospheric polar vortex, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2973–2994, 1994.

Manney, G. L., Zurek, R. W., Froidevaux, L., Waters, J. W., O'Neill, A., and Swinbank, R.: Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data. Part II – Ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3069–3081, 1995.

Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Santee, M. L., Zurek, R. W., and Waters, J. W.: MLS observations of Arctic ozone loss in 1996-97, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2697–2700, 1997.

Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Santee, M. L., Livesey, N. J., Sabutis, J. L., and Waters, J. W.: Variability of ozone loss during Arctic winter (1999–2000) estimated from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4149, 15 pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002634doi:10.1029/2002JD002634, 2003.

Manney, G. L., Santee, M. L., Froidevaux, L., Hoppel, K., Livesey, N. J., and Waters, J. W.: EOS MLS observations of ozone loss in the 2004–2005 Arctic winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L04802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024494doi:10.1029/2005GL024494, 2006.

Manney, G. L., Daffer, W. H., Zawodny, J. M., Bernath, P. F., Hoppel, K. W., Walker, K. A., Knosp, B. W., Boone, C., Remsberg, E. E., Santee, M. L., Harvey, V. L., Pawson, S., Jackson, D. R., Deaver, L., McElroy, C. T., McLinden, C. A., Drummond, J. R., Pumphrey, H. C., Lambert, A., Schwartz, M. J., Froidevaux, L., McLeod, S., Takacs, L. L., Suarez, M. J., Trepte, C. R., Cuddy, D. C., Livesey, N. J., Harwood, R. S., and Waters, J. W.: Solar occultation satellite data and derived meteorological products: Sampling issues and comparisons with Aura Microwave Limb Sounder, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24550, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008709doi:10.1029/2007JD008709, 2007.

Manney, G. L., Harwood, R. S., MacKenzie, I. A., Minschwaner, K., Allen, D. R., Santee, M. L., Walker, K. A., Hegglin, M. I., Lambert, A., Pumphrey, H. C., Bernath, P. F., Boone, C. D., Schwartz, M. J., Livesey, N. J., Daffer, W. H., and Fuller, R. A.: Satellite observations and modeling of transport in the upper troposphere through the lower mesosphere during the 2006 major stratospheric sudden warming, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4775–4795, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4775-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-4775-2009, 2009.

Manney, G. L., Santee, M. L., Rex, M., Livesey, N. J., Pitts, M. C., Veefkind, P., Nash, E. R., Wohltmann, I., Lehmann, R., Froidevaux, L., Poole, L. R., Schoeberl, M. R., Haffner, D. P., Davies, J., Dorokhov, V., Gernandt, H., Johnson, B., Kivi, R., Kyrö, E., Larsen, N., Levelt, P. F., Makshtas, A., McElroy, C. T., Nakajima, H., Parrondo, M. C., Tarasick, D. W., von der Gathen, P., Walker, K. A., and N. S. Zinoviev (2011), Unprecedented Arctic Ozone Loss in 2011, Nature, 478, 469–475, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10556doi:10.1038/nature10556, 2011.

Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., and Chshyolkova, T.: Regional Stratospheric Warmings in the Pacific-Western Canada (PWC) Sector during Winter 2004/5: Implications for Temperatures, Winds, Chemical Constituents and the Characterization of the Polar Vortex, Ann. Geophys., 26, 3597–3622, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-3597-2009doi:10.5194/angeo-26-3597-2009, 2008.

McPeters, R. D., Hollandsworth, S. M., Flynn, L. E., Herman, J. R., and Seftor, C. J.: Long-term ozone trends derived from the 16-year combined Nimbus 7/Meteor 3 TOMS Version 7 record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3699–3702, 1996.

Mellqvist, J., Galle, B., Blumenstock, T., Hase, F., Yashcov, D., Notholt, J., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., Toon, G. C., and Chipperfield, M. P.: Ground-based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8263, 16 pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001080doi:10.1029/2001JD001080, 2002.

Müller, R., Tilmes, S., Grooß, J.-U., McKenna, D. S., Müller, M., Schmidt, U., Toon, G. C., Stachnik, R. A., Margitan, J. J., Elkins, J. W., Arvelius, J., and Russell III, J. M.: Chlorine activation and chemical ozone loss deduced from HALOE and balloon measurements in the Arctic during the winter of 1999–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D5),\underline http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001423doi:10.1029/2001JD001423, 2003.

Nash, E. R., Newman, P. A., Rosenfield, J. E., and Schoeberl, M. R.: An objective determination of the polar vortex using Ertel's potential vorticity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9471–9478, 1996.

Newman, P. A., Gleason, J. F., McPeters, R. D., and Stolarski, R. S.: Anomalously low ozone over the Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2689–2692, 1997.

Nott, G. J., Duck, T. J., Doyle, J. G., Coffin, M. E. W., Perro, C., Thackray, C. P., Drummond, J. R., Fogal, P. F., McCullough, E., and Sica, R. J.: A remotely-operated lidar for aerosol, temperature, and water vapor profiling in the High Arctic, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 29, 221–234, 2012.

Orsolini, Y. J., Stephenson, D. B., and Doblas-Reyes, F. J.: Storm track signature in total ozone during Northern Hemisphere winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2413–2416, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL01852doi:10.1029/98GL01852, 1998.

Paton-Walsh, C., Mittermeier, R. L., Bell, W., Fast, H., Jones, N., and Meier, A.: An intercomparison of ground-based solar FTIR measurements of atmospheric gases at Eureka, Canada, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 2028–2036, 2008.

Pawson, S., Labitzke, K., Leder, S.: Stepwise changes in stratospheric temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2157–2160, 1998.

Pawson, S. and Naujokat, B.: The cold winters of the middle 1990s in the northern lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14209–14222, 1999.

Petzoldt, K.: The role of dynamics in total ozone deviations from their long-term mean over the Northern Hemisphere, Ann. Geophys., 17, 231–241, 1999.

Pitts, M. C., Poole, L. R., and Thomason, L. W.: CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7577–7589, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7577-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7577-2009, 2009.

Poole, L. R., McCormick, M. P.: Airborne lidar observations of arctic polar stratospheric clouds: indications of two distinct growth stages. Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 21–23, 1988.

Portmann, R. W., Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Thomason, L. W., Poole, L. R., and McCormick, M. P.: Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22991–23006, 1996.

Pougatchev, N. S., Connor, B. J., and Rinsland, C. P.: Infrared measurements of the ozone vertical distribution above Kitt Peak, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16689–16697, 1995.

Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., von der Gathen, P., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., and Naujokat, B.: Arctic ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018844doi:10.1029/2003GL018844, 2004.

Rex, M., Salawitch, R. J., Deckelmann, H., von der Gathen, P., Harris, N. R. P., Chipperfield, M. P., Naujokat, B., Reimer, E., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bevilacqua, R., Braathen, G. O., Claude, H., Davies, J., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Gerding, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hoppel, K., Johnson, B., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Moore, D., Nakane, H., Parrondo, M. C., Risley Jr., A. D., Skrivankova, P., Stübi, R., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., and Zerefos, C.: Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23808, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026731doi:10.1029/2006GL026731, 2006.

Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Takacs, L., Liu, H.-C., Gu, W., Sienkiewicz, M., Koster, R. D., Gelaro, R., Stajner, I., and Nielsen, J. E.: The GEOS-5 data assimilation system - Documentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-2008-104606, 27, 2008.

Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E. et al.: MERRA – NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Clim., 24, 3624–3648, 2011.

Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Rinsland, P. L., Goldman, A., Brault, J. W., and Stokes, G. M.: Ground-based infrared spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric hydrogen cyanide, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 11119–11125, 1982.

Rinsland, C. P., Goldman, A., Murcray, F. J., Murcray, F. H., Blatherwick, R. D., and Murcray, D. G.: Infrared measurements of atmospheric gases above Mauna Loa, Hawaii, in February 1987, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 12607–12626, 1988.

Rodgers, C. D.: Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and composition from remote measurements of thermal radiation. Rev. Geophys., 14, 609–624, 1976.

Rodgers, C. D.: Characterization and error analysis of profiles retrieved from remote sounding measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5587–5595, 1990.

Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse Methods for Atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 238, 2000.

Rodgers, C. D. and Connor, B. J.: Intercomparison of remote sounding instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4116, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002299doi:10.1029/2002JD002299, 2003.

Rösevall, J. D., Murtagh, D. P., and Urban, J.: Ozone depletion in the 2006/2007 Arctic winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030620doi:10.1029/2007GL030620, 2007.

Rösevall, J. D., Murtagh, D. P., Urban, J., Feng, W., Eriksson, P., and Brohede, S.: A study of ozone depletion in the 2004/2005 Arctic winter based on data from Odin/SMR and Aura/MLS, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D13301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009560doi:10.1029/2007JD009560, 2008.

Rothman, L. S.,R. R. Gamache, R. H. Tipping, C. P. Rinsland, M. A. H. Smith, D. C. Benner, V. Malathy Devi, J.-M. Flaud, C. Camy-Peyret, A. Perrin, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, L. R. Brown, and R. A. Toth: The HITRAN molecular database: Editions of 1991 and 1992, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 48, 469–507, 1992.

Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D., Birk, M., Brown, L. R., Carleer, M. R., Chackerian Jr., C., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, V., Devi, V. M., Flaud, J.-M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J.-M., Jucks, K. W., Maki, A. G., Mandin, J.-Y., Massie, S. T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R. N., Toth, R. A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 96, 139–204, 2005.

Santee, M. L., MacKenzie, I. A., Manney, G. L., Chipperfield, M. P., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., Boone, C. D., Froidevaux, L., Livesey, N. J., and Waters, J. W.: A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new satellite measurements and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D12307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009057doi:10.1029/2007JD009057, 2008.

Schulz, A., Rex, M., Steger, J., Harris, N. R. P., Braathen, G. O., Reimer, E., Alfier, R., Beck, A., Alpers, M., Cisneros, J., Claude, H., De Backer, H., Dier, H., Dorokhov, V., Fast, H., Godin, S., Hansen, G., Kanzawa, H., Kois, B., Kondo, Y., Kosmidis, E., Kyrö, E., Litynska, Z., Molyneux, M. J., Murphy, G., Nakane, H., Parrondo, C., Ravegnani, F., Varotsos, C., Vialle, C., Viatte, P., Yushkov, V., Zerefos, C., von der Gathen, P.: Match observations in the Arctic winter 1996/97: High stratospheric ozone loss rates correlated with low temperatures deep inside the polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 205–208, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010811doi:10.1029/1999GL010811, 2000.

Singleton, C. S., Randall, C. E., Harvey, V. L., Chipperfield, M. P., Feng, W., Manney, G. L., Froidevaux, L., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., McElroy, C. T., and Hoppel, K. W.: Quantifying Arctic ozone loss during the 2004-2005 winter using satellite observations and a chemical transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007463doi:10.1029/2006JD007463, 2007.

Solomon, S., Garcia, R. R., Rowland, F. S., and Wuebbles, D. J.: On the depletion of Antarctic ozone, Nature, 321, 755–758, 1986.

Solomon, P., Connor, B., Barrett, J., Mooney, T., Lee, A., and Parrish, A.: Measurements of stratospheric ClO over Antarctica in 1996–2000 and implications for ClO dimer chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1708, 4 pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015232doi:10.1029/2002GL015232, 2002.

SPARC CCMVal, 2010: SPARC report on the evaluation of chemistry-climate models, edited by: Eyring, V., Shepherd, T. G., and Waugh, D. W., SPARC Rep. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-1526.

Steele, H. M., Hamill, P., McCormick, M. P., and Swissler, T. J.: The formation of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2055–2067, 1983.

Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., Schönenborn, F., Leiterer, U., Dier, H., Lanzinger, E.: Pressure and temperature differences between Vaisala RS80 and RS92 radiosonde systems, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25, 909–927, 2008.

Swinbank, R. and O'Neill, A.: A stratosphere-troposphere data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 688–702, 1994.

Tegtmeier, S., Rex, M., Wohltmann, I., and Krüger, K.: Relative importance of dynamical and chemical contributions to Arctic wintertime ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034250doi:10.1029/2008GL034250, 2008.

Tilmes, S., Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., McKenna, D. S., Russell III, J. M., and Sasano, Y.: Calculation of chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 1996–1997 using ozone-tracer correlations: Comparison of Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) results, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4045, 15 pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002213doi:10.1029/2002JD002213, 2003.

Toon, G. C., Farmer, C. B., Schaper, P. W., Lowes, L. L., Norton, R. H., Schoeberl, M. R., Lait, L. R., and Newman, P. A.: Evidence for subsidence in the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere from airborne infrared composition measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7963–7970, 1992.

Toon, G. C., Blavier, J.-F., Sen, B., Salawitch, R. J., Osterman, G. B., Notholt, J., Rex, M., McElroy, C. T., and Russell III, J. M.: Ground based observations of Arctic O3 loss during spring and summer 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26497–26510, 1999.

Toon, O. B., Tabazadeh, A., and Browell, E. V.: Analysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20589–20615, 2000.

Turco, R. P., Toon, O. B., and Hamill, P.: Heterogeneous physiochemistry of the polar ozone hole, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16493–16510, 1989.

Vigouroux, C., De Mazière, M., Demoulin, P., Servais, C., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Kramer, I., Schneider, M., Mellqvist, J., Strandberg, A., Velazco, V., Notholt, J., Sussmann, R., Stremme, W., Rockmann, A., Gardiner, T., Coleman, M., and Woods, P.: Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6865–6886, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6865-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-6865-2008, 2008.

Voigt, C., Schreiner, J., Kohlmann, A., Zink, P., Mauersberger, K., Larsen, N., Deshler, T., Kröger, C., Rosen, J., Adriani, A., Cairo, F., Donfrancesco, G. D., Viterbini, M., Ovarlez, J., Ovarlez, H., David, C., and Dörnbrack, A.: Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 290, 1756–1758, 2000.

Vömel, H., Selkirk, H., Miloshevich, L., Valverde-Canossa, J., Valdés, J., Kyrö, E., Kivi, R., Stolz, W., Peng, G., and Diaz, J. A.: Radiation dry bias of the Vaisala RS92 humidity sensor, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 953–963, 2007.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report 50, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report 52, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.

Xu, X., Manson, A. H., Meek, C. E., Chshyolkova, T., Drummond, J. R., Hall, C. M., Riggin, D. M., and Hibbins, R. E.: Vertical and inter-hemispheric links in the stratosphere-mesosphere as revealed by the day-to-day variability of Aura-MLS temperature data, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3387–3409, 2009.