References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-3405-2012

Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of seven trace metal species at five sites in central Taiwan – a summary of surrogate surface measurements and a comparison with model estimations

Zhang

¹ Fang

G. C.

² Liu

C. K.

² Huang

Y. L.

² Huang

J. H.

² Huang

C. S.

Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, Ontario, M3H5T4, Canada

Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, HungKuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung 433, Taiwan

11 04 2012

12 7 3405 3417

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3405/2012/acp-12-3405-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3405/2012/acp-12-3405-2012.pdf

Daily air concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of seven metal species were monitored at five sites in central Taiwan for five or six days every month from September 2009 to August 2010. Annual average concentrations at the five sites were in the range of 2.8 to 3.6 ng m−3 for As, 25 to 82 ng m−3 for Mn, 1900 to 2800 ng m−3 for Fe, 69 to 109 ng m−3 for Zn, 18 to 33 ng m−3 for Cr, 60 to 110 ng m−3 for Cu, and 25 to 40 ng m−3 for Pb. Annual average dry deposition fluxes were on the order of 3, 20, 400, 50, 25, 50, and 50 μg m−2 day−1 for As, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cu, and Pb, respectively. Annual average dry deposition velocities (Vd) for the seven metal species ranged from 0.18 to 2.22 cm s−1 at these locations. Small seasonal and geographical variations, e.g. from a few percent to a factor of 2 for different species and/or at different locations, were found in the measured concentrations, fluxes, and Vds. The measured fluxes and air concentrations had moderate to good correlations for several of the species at several of the sites (e.g. Fe, Zn, and Mn at most of the sites), but had either weak or no correlations for the other species or at the other sites (e.g. As at Sites I and III, Zn and Cr at Site IV, and Cu at most of the sites). The latter cases were believed to have large uncertainties in the flux measurements using surrogate surfaces. Sensitivity tests were conducted for particle Vds using a size-segregated particle dry deposition model, assuming various combinations of three lognormal size distributions representing fine particles (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM2.5–10), and super-sized particles (PM10+), respectively. It was found that the measured dry deposition fluxes can be reproduced reasonably well using the size-segregated particle dry deposition model if the mass fractions of the metal species in PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM10+ were known. Significant correlations between the modeled and the measured daily fluxes were found for those cases that were believed to have small uncertainties in the flux measurements.

References 1

Allen, A. G., Nemitz, E., Shia, J. P., Harrison, R. M., and Greenwood, J. C.: Size distributions of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols in the United Kingdom, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4581–4591, 2001.

Al-Momani, I. F., Momani, K. A., Jaradat, Q. M., Massadeh, A. M., Yousef, Y. A., and Alomary, A. A.: Atmospheric deposition of major and trace elements in Amman, Jordan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 136, 209–218, 2008.

Akhlaghi, Y. and Kompany-Zareh, M.: Comparing radial basis function and feed-forward neural networks assisted by linear discriminant or principal component analysis for simultaneous spectrophotometric quantification of mercury and copper, Anal. Chim. Ac., 537, 331–338, 2005.

Brüggemann, E., Gerwig, H., Gnauk, Th., Müller, K., and Herrmann, H.: Influence of seasons, air mass origin and day of the week on size-segregated chemical composition of aerosol particles at a kerbside, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2456–2463, 2009.

Chao, C. Y. and Wong, K. K.: Residential indoor PM$_10$ and PM$_10$ in Hong Kong and the elemental composition, Atmos. Environ., 36, 265–277, 2002.

Cho, S.-H., Richmond-Bryant, J., Thornburg, J., Portzer, J., Vanderpool, R., Cavender, K., and Rice, J: A literature review of concentrations and size distributions of ambient airborne Pb-containing particulate matter, Atmos. Environ., 45, 5005–5015, 2011.

de P. Pereira, P. A., Lopes, W. A., Carvalho, L. S., da Rocha, G. O., de Carvalho Bahia, N., Loyola, J., Quiterio, S. L., Escaleira, V., Arbilla, G., and de Andrade, J. B.: Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7837–7850, 2007.

Fang, G. C., Wu, Y. S., Huang, S. H., and Rau, J. Y.: Dry deposition (downward, upward) concentration study of particulates and heavy metals during daytime, nighttime period at the traffic sampling site of Sha-Lu, Taiwan, Chemosphere, 56, 509–518, 2004.

Fang, G. C., Wu, Y. S., Chang, S. Y., Lin, J. B., and Lin, J. G.: Overall dry deposition velocities of trace elements measured at harbor and traffic site in central Taiwan, Chemosphere, 67, 966–974, 2007a.

Fang, G. C., Wu, Y. S., Lee, W. J., Chou, T. Y., and Lin, I. C.: Ambient air particulates, metallic elements, dry deposition and concentrations at Taichung Airport, Taiwan, Atmos. Res., 84, 280–289, 2007b.

Flechard, C. R., Nemitz, E., Smith, R. I., Fowler, D., Vermeulen, A. T., Bleeker, A., Erisman, J. W., Simpson, D., Zhang, L., Tang, Y. S., and Sutton, M. A.: Dry deposition of reactive nitrogen to European ecosystems: a comparison of inferential models across the NitroEurope network, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2703–2728, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-2703-2011, 2011.

Funasaka, K., Sakai, M., Shinya, M., Miyazaki, T., Kamiura, T., Kaneco, S., Ohta, K., and Fujita, T.: Size distribution and characteristics of atmospheric inorganic particles by regional comparative study in Urban Osaka, Japan, Atmos. Environ., 37, 4597–4605, 2003.

Holsen, T. M. and Noll, K. E.: Dry deposition of atmospheric particles: application of current models to ambient data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26, 1802–1814, 1992.

Kasahara, M., Park, J. H., and Yamamoto, K.: Characterization of atmospheric aerosols separated by particle size and water solubility using PIXE analysis, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 109–110, 471–475, 1996.

Karanasiou, A. A., Sitaras, I. E., Siskos, P. A., and Eleftheriadis, K.: Size distribution and sources of trace metals and n-alkanes in the Athens urban aerosol during summer, Atmos. Environ., 41, 2368–2381, 2007.

Kim, K. H., Mishra, V. K., Kang, C. H., Choi, K. C., Kim, Y. J., and Kim, D. S.: The ionic compositions of fine and coarse particle fractions in the two urban areas of Korea, J. Environ. Manag., 78, 170–182, 2006.

Koçak, M., Kubilay, N., Herut, B., and Nimmo, M.: Dry atmospheric fluxes of trace metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) over the Levantine Basin: A refined assessment, Atmos. Environ., 39, 7330–7341, 2005.

Loska, K. and Wiechuła, D.: Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the Rybnik Reservoir, Chemosphere, 51, 723–733, 2003.

Lu, R., Turco, R. P., Stolzenbach, K., Friedlander, S. K., Xiong, C., Schiff, K., Tiefenthaler, L., and Wang, G.: Dry deposition of airborne trace metals on the Los Angeles Basin and adjacent coastal waters, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4074, doi:1029/2001JD001446, 2003.

Makkonen, U., Hellén, H., Anttila, P., and Ferm, M.: Size distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles in south-eastern Finland during different seasons and wildfire episodes in 2006, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 644–651, 2010.

Migon, C., Journel, B., and Nicolas E.: Measurement of trace metal wet, dry and total atmospheric fluxes over the Ligurian Sea, Atmos. Environ., 31, 889–896, 1997.

Monarca, S., Crebelli, R., Feretti, D., Zanardini, A., Fuselli, S., Filini, L., Resola, S., Bonardelli, P. G., and Nardi, G.: Mutagens and carcinogens in size-classified air particulates of a Northern Italian town, Sci. Total Environ., 205, 137–144, 1997.

Napier, F., D'Arcy, B., and Jefferies, C.: A review of vehicle related metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the UK environment, Desalination, 226, 143–150, 2008.

Odabasi, M., Muezzinoglu, A., and Bozlaker, A.: Ambient concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Izmir, Turkey, Atmos. Environ., 36, 5841–5851, 2002.

Paode, R. D., Sofuoglu, S. C., Sivadechathep, J., Noll, K. E., Holsen, T. M., and Keeler, G. J.: Deposition fluxes and mass size distributions of Pb, Cu, and Zn measured in southern Lake Michigan during AEOLOS, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1629–1635, 1998.

Petroff, A. and Zhang, L.: Development and validation of a size-resolved particle dry deposition scheme for application in aerosol transport models, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 753–769, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-753-2010doi:10.5194/gmd-3-753-2010, 2010.

Pirrone, N., Keeler, G. J., and Warner, P. O.: Trends of ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Detroit from 1982 to 1992, Sci. Total Environ., 162, 43–61, 1995.

Rojas, C. M., Injuk, J., and van Grieken, R. E.: Dry and wet deposiiton fluxes of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn into the SouthernBright of the North Sea, Atmos. Environ., 27, 251–259, 1993.

Sabin, L. D., Lim, J. H., Stolzenbach, K. D., and Schiff, K. C.: Atmospheric dry deposition of trace metals in the coastal region of Los Angeles, California, USA, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25, 2334–2341, 2006.

Sakata, M. and Marumoto, K.: Dry Deposition Fluxes and Deposition Velocities of Trace Metals in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Measured with a Water Surface Sampler, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2190–2197, 2004.

Sakata, M., Marumoto, K., Narukawa, M., and Asakura, K.: Regional variations in wet and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Japan, Atmos. Environ., 40, 521–531, 2006.

Sakate, M., Tani, Y., and Takagi, T.: Wet and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Tokyo Bay, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5913–5922, 2008.

Samara, C. and Voutsa, D.: Size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment, Chemosphere, 59, 1197–1206, 2005.

Schwede, D. B., Zhang, L., Vet, R., and Lear G.: An intercomparison of the deposition models used in the CASTNET and CAPMoN networks, Atmos. Environ., 45, 1337–1346, 2011.

Singh, M., Jaquesb, P. A., and Sioutas, C.: Size distribution and diurnal characteristics of particle-bound metals in source and receptor sites of the Los Angeles Basin, Atmos. Environ., 36, 1675–1689, 2002.

Singh, K. P., Malik, A., and Sinha, S.: Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques-a case study, Anal. Chim. Ac., 538, 355–374, 2005.

Sofuoglu, S. C., Paode, R. D., Sivadechathep, J., Noll, K. E., Holsen, T. M., and Keeler, G. J.: Dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric size distributions of mass, Al, and Mg measured in southern Lake Michigan during AEOLOS, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 281–293, 1998.

Tasdemir, Y. and Kural, C.: Atmospheric dry deposition fluxes of trace elements measured in Bursa, Turkey, Environ. Pollut., 138, 462–472, 2005. \hack

Tasdemir, Y., Kural, C., Cindoruk, S. S., and Vardar, N.: Assessment of trace element concentrations and their estimated dry deposition fluxes in an urban atmosphere, Atmos. Res., 81, 17–35, 2006.

Turšič, J., Podkrajsek, B., Grgic, I., Ctyroky, P., Berner, A., Dusek, U., and Hitzenberger, R.: Chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of size-segregated aerosol particles collected at the Adriatic coast of Slovenia, Chemosphere, 63, 1193–1202, 2006.

Wang, X., Sato, T., and Xing, B.: Size distribution and anthropogenic sources apportionment of airborne trace metals in Kanazawa, Japan, Chemosphere, 65, 2440–2448, 2006.

Wu, Y. S., Fang, G. C., Chen, J. C., Lin, C. P., Huang, S. H., Rau, J. Y., and Lin, J. G.: Ambient air particulate dry deposition, concentrations and metallic elements at Taichung Harbor near Taiwan Strait, Atmos. Res., 79, 52–66, 2006.

Wu, Y. S., Fang, G. C., and Lin, S. H.: Season variations for metallic elements compositions study in plant Bidenens pilosa L. var. radiate Sch. in central Taiwan, Environ. Monit. Assess., 168, 255–267, 2010.

Yi, S. M., Shahin, U., Sivadechathep, J., Sofuoglu, S. C., and Holsen, T. M.: Overall elemental dry deposition velocities measured around Lake Michigan, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1133–1140, 2001.

Yi, S. M., Totten, L. A., Thota, S., Yan, S., Offenberg, J. H., Eisenreich, S. J., Garney, J., and Holsen, T. M.: Atmospheric dry deposition of trace elements measured around the urban and industrially impacted NY-NJ harbor, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6626–6637, 2006.

Zhang, L., Gong, S., Padro, J., and Barrie, L. A.: A size-segregated particle dry deposition scheme for an atmospheric aerosol module, Atmos. Environ., 35, 549–560, 2001.

Zhang, L., Brook, J. R., and Vet, R.: A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2067–2082, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-2067-2003, 2003.

Zota, A. R., Willis, R., Jim, R., Norris, G. A., Shine, J. P., Duvall, R. M., Schaider, L. A., and Spengler, J. D.: Impact of mine waste on airborne respirable particulates in Northeastern Oklahoma, United States, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59, 1347–1357, 2009.

Zufall, M. J., Davidson, C. I., Caffrey, P. F., and Ondov, J. M.: Airborne concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate species to surrogate surfaces deployed in Southern Lake Michigan, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1623–1628, 1998.