ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-12-3363-2012 Aerosols in the CALIOPE air quality modelling system: evaluation and analysis of PM levels, optical depths and chemical composition over Europe Basart S. 1 Pay M. T. 1 Jorba O. 1 Pérez C. 2 Jiménez-Guerrero P. 3 Schulz M. 4 Baldasano J. M. 1 5 Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, BSC-CNS, Barcelona, Spain NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math, Columbia University, New York, USA Physics of the Earth, Department of Physics, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain 10 04 2012 12 7 3363 3392 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3363/2012/acp-12-3363-2012.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3363/2012/acp-12-3363-2012.pdf

The CALIOPE air quality modelling system is developed and applied to Europe with high spatial resolution (12 km × 12 km). The modelled daily-to-seasonal aerosol variability over Europe in 2004 is evaluated and analysed. Aerosols are estimated from two models, CMAQv4.5 (AERO4) and BSC-DREAM8b. CMAQv4.5 calculates biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt aerosol and BSC-DREAM8b provides the natural mineral dust contribution from North African deserts. For the evaluation, we use daily PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub> and aerosol components data from 55 stations of the EMEP/CREATE network and total, coarse and fine aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from 35 stations of the AERONET sun photometer network. Annual correlations between modelled and observed values for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> are 0.55 and 0.47, respectively. Correlations for total, coarse and fine AOD are 0.51, 0.63, and 0.53, respectively. The higher correlations of the PM<sub>10</sub> and the coarse mode AOD are largely due to the accurate representation of the African dust influence in the forecasting system. Overall PM and AOD levels are underestimated. The evaluation of the aerosol components highlights underestimations in the fine fraction of carbonaceous matter (EC and OC) and secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA; i.e. nitrate, sulphate and ammonium). The scores of the bulk parameters are significantly improved after applying a simple model bias correction based on the observed aerosol composition. The simulated PM<sub>10</sub> and AOD present maximum values over the industrialized and populated Po Valley and Benelux regions. SIA are dominant in the fine fraction representing up to 80% of the aerosol budget in latitudes north of 40° N. In southern Europe, high PM<sub>10</sub> and AOD are linked to the desert dust transport from the Sahara which contributes up to 40% of the aerosol budget. Maximum seasonal ground-level concentrations (PM<sub>10</sub> > 30 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) are found between spring and early autumn. We estimate that desert dust causes daily exceedances of the PM<sub>10</sub> European air quality limit value (50 μg m<sup>−3</sup>) in large areas south of 45° N with more than 75 exceedances per year in the southernmost regions.

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