References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-3165-2012

Particle mass yield from β-caryophyllene ozonolysis

Chen

¹ Li

Y. L.

¹ ² McKinney

K. A.

³ Kuwata

¹ Martin

S. T.

¹ ⁴

School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

03 04 2012

12 7 3165 3179

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3165/2012/acp-12-3165-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/3165/2012/acp-12-3165-2012.pdf

The influence of second-generation products on the particle mass yield of β-caryophyllene ozonolysis was systematically tested and quantified. The approach was to vary the relative concentrations of first- and second-generation products by adjusting the concentration of ozone while observing changes in particle mass yield. For all wall-loss corrected organic particle mass concentrations Morg of this study (0.5 < Morg < 230 μg m−3), the data show that the particle-phase organic material was composed for the most part of second-generation products. For 0.5< Morg < 10 μg m−3, a range which overlaps with atmospheric concentrations, the particle mass yield was 10 to 20% and was not sensitive to ozone exposure, implying that the constituent molecules were rapidly produced at all investigated ozone exposures. In contrast, for Morg > 10 μg m−3 the particle mass yield increased to as high as 70% for the ultimate yield corresponding to the greatest ozone exposures. These differing dependencies on ozone exposure under different regimes of Morg are explained by a combination of the ozonolysis lifetimes of the first-generation products and the volatility distribution of the resulting second-generation products. First-generation products that have short lifetimes produce low-volatility second-generation products whereas first-generation products that have long lifetimes produce high-volatility second-generation products. The ultimate particle mass yield was defined by mass-based stoichiometric yields αi of α0 = 0.17 ± 0.05, α1 = 0.11 ± 0.17, and α2 = 1.03 ± 0.30 for corresponding saturation concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg m−3. Terms α0 and α1 had low sensitivity to the investigated range of ozone exposure whereas term α2 increased from 0.32 ± 0.13 to 1.03 ± 0.30 as the ozone exposure was increased. These findings potentially allow for simplified yet accurate parameterizations in air quality and climate models that seek to represent the ozonolysis particle mass yields of certain classes of biogenic compounds.

References 1

Aiken, A. C., DeCarlo, P. F., and Jimenez, J. L.: Elemental analysis of organic species with electron ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 79, 8350–8358, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac071150wdoi:10.1021/ac071150w, 2007.

Aiken, A. C., Decarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703009qdoi:10.1021/es703009q, 2008.

Alfarra, M. R., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Boudries, H., Canagaratna, M. R., Jimenez, J. L., Jayne, J. T., Garforth, A. A., Li, S. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Characterization of urban and rural organic particulate in the lower Fraser valley using two aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5745–5758, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.054doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.054, 2004.

Atkinson, R. and Arey, J.: Gas-phase tropospheric chemistry of biogenic volatile organic compounds: a review, Atmos. Environ., 37, S197–S219, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00391-1doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00391-1, 2003.

Bahreini, R., Keywood, M. D., Ng, N. L., Varutbangkul, V., Gao, S., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Measurements of secondary organic aerosol from oxidation of cycloalkenes, terpenes, and m-xylene using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5674–5688, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es048061adoi:10.1021/es048061a, 2005.

Carlton, A. G., Bhave, P. V., Napelenok, S. L., Edney, E. D., Sarwar, G., Pinder, R. W., Pouliot, G. A., and Houyoux, M.: Model Representation of Secondary Organic Aerosol in CMAQv4.7, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 8553–8560, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es100636qdoi:10.1021/es100636q, 2010.

Chan, A. W. H., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Kinetic modeling of secondary organic aerosol formation: effects of particle- and gas-phase reactions of semivolatile products, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4135–4147, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4135-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-4135-2007, 2007.

Chan, M. N., Surratt, J. D., Chan, A. W. H., Schilling, K., Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Edney, E. O., Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Edgerton, E. S., Tanner, R. L., Shaw, S. L., Zheng, M., Knipping, E. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Influence of aerosol acidity on the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol from beta-caryophyllene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1735–1751, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1735-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1735-2011, 2011.

Chen, Q., Farmer, D. K., Schneider, J., Zorn, S. R., Heald, C. L., Karl, T. G., Guenther, A., Allan, J. D., Robinson, N., Coe, H., Kimmel, J. R., Pauliquevis, T., Borrmann, S., Poschl, U., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Jimenez, J. L., and Martin, S. T.: Mass spectral characterization of submicron biogenic organic particles in the Amazon Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20806, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039880doi:10.1029/2009gl039880, 2009.

Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Donahue, N. M., Shilling, J. E., and Martin, S. T.: Particle-phase chemistry of secondary organic material: Modeled compared to measured O:C and H:C elemental ratios provide constraints, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4763–4770, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es104398sdoi:10.1021/es104398s, 2011.

Chung, S. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global distribution and climate forcing of carbonaceous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4407, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001397doi:10.1029/2001jd001397, 2002.

DeCarlo, P. F., Slowik, J. G., Worsnop, D. R., Davidovits, P., and Jimenez, J. L.: Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements, Part 1: Theory, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 1185–1205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027868290903907doi:10.1080/027868290903907, 2004.

DeCarlo, P. F., Kimmel, J. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M. J., Jayne, J. T., Aiken, A. C., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Horvath, T., Docherty, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281–8289, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061249ndoi:10.1021/ac061249n, 2006.

Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 02635–02643, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052297cdoi:10.1021/es052297c, 2006.

Ehara, K., Hagwood, C., and Coakley, K. J.: Novel method to classify aerosol particles according to their mass-to-charge ratio – Aerosol particle mass analyser, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 217–234, 1996.

Fiore, A., Jacob, D. J., Liu, H., Yantosca, R. M., Fairlie, T. D., and Li, Q.: Variability in surface ozone background over the United States: Implications for air quality policy, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4787, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003855doi:10.1029/2003jd003855, 2003.

Fu, P. Q., Kawamura, K., Chen, J., and Barrie, L. A.: Isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene oxidation products in the high arctic aerosols during late winter to early summer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4022–4028, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es803669adoi:10.1021/es803669a, 2009.

Griffin, R. J., Cocker, D. R., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3555–3567, 1999.

Grosjean, D., Williams, E. L., Grosjean, E., Andino, J. M., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons: Reaction of ozone with β-pinene, d-limonene, and trans-caryophyllene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 2754–2758, 1993.

Helmig, D., Balsley, B., Davis, K., Kuck, L. R., Jensen, M., Bognar, J., Smith, T., Arrieta, R. V., Rodriguez, R., and Birks, J. W.: Vertical profiling and determination of landscape fluxes of biogenic nonmethane hydrocarbons within the planetary boundary layer in the Peruvian Amazon, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25519–25532, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JD01023doi:10.1029/98JD01023, 1998.

Helmig, D., Ortega, J., Duhl, T., Tanner, D., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Milford, J., and Sakulyanontvittaya, T.: Sesquiterpene emissions from pine trees – Identifications, emission rates and flux estimates for the contiguous United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1545–1553, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0618907doi:10.1021/es0618907, 2007.

Hoffmann, T., Odum, J. R., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Klockow, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Formation of organic aerosols from the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, J. Atmos. Chem., 26, 189–222, 1997.

Hu, D., Bian, Q., Li, T. W. Y., Lau, A. K. H., and Yu, J. Z.: Contributions of isoprene, monoterpenes, β-caryophyllene, and toluene to secondary organic aerosols in Hong Kong during the summer of 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010437doi:10.1029/2008jd010437, 2008.

Jaoui, M. and Kamens, R. M.: Gas and particulate products distribution from the photooxidation of $\alpha $-humulene in the presence of NOx, natural atmospheric air and sunlight, J. Atmos. Chem., 46, 29–54, 2003.

Jaoui, M., Leungsakul, S., and Kamens, R. M.: Gas and particle products distribution from the reaction of β-caryophyllene with ozone, J. Atmos. Chem., 45, 261–287, 2003.

Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Kleindienst, T. E., Offenberg, J. H., and Edney, E. O.: β-caryophyllinic acid: An atmospheric tracer for β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05816, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl028827doi:10.1029/2006gl028827, 2007.

Kanawati, B., Herrmann, F., Joniec, S., Winterhalter, R., and Moortgat, G. K.: Mass spectrometric characterization of β-caryophyllene ozonolysis products in the aerosol studied using an electrospray triple quadrupole and time-of-flight analyzer hybrid system and density functional theory, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 22, 165–186, 2008.

Katrib, Y., Martin, S. T., Rudich, Y., Davidovits, P., Jayne, J. T., and Worsnop, D. R.: Density changes of aerosol particles as a result of chemical reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 275–291, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-275-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-275-2005, 2005.

King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., and Martin, S. T.: Cloud condensation nucleus activity of secondary \mboxorganic aerosol particles mixed with sulfate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24806, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030390doi:10.1029/2007gl030390, 2007.

King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., and Martin, S. T.: Increased cloud activation potential of secondary organic aerosol for atmospheric mass loadings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2959–2971, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2959-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-2959-2009, 2009.

Kleindienst, T. E., Smith, D. F., Li, W., Edney, E. O., Driscoll, D. J., Speer, R. E., and Weathers, W. S.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of dry submicron ammonium sulfate aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 33, 3669–3681, 1999.

Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., Offenberg, J. H., Lewis, C. W., Bhave, P. V., and Edney, E. O.: Estimates of the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons to secondary organic aerosol at a southeastern US location, Atmos. Environ., 41, 8288–8300, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.045doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.045, 2007.

Knutson, E. O. and Whitby, K. T.: Aerosol classification by electric mobility: Apparatus, theory, and applications, J. Aerosol Sci., 6, 443–451, 1975.

Kroll, J. H., Donahue, N. M., Jimenez, J. L., Kessler, S. H., Canagaratna, M. R., Wilson, K. R., Altieri, K. E., R.Mazzoleni, L., Wozniak, A. S., Bluhm, H., Mysak, E. R., Smith, J. D., Kolb, C. E., and Worsnop, D. R.: Carbon oxidation state as a metric for describing the chemistry of atmospheric organic aerosol, Nature Chem., 3, 133–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.948doi:10.1038/nchem.948, 2011.

Kuwata, M., Zorn, S. R., and Martin, S. T.: Using elemental ratios to predict the density of organic material composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 787–794, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202525qdoi:10.1021/es202525q, 2012.

Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Keywood, M. D., Gao, S., Varutbangkul, V., Bahreini, R., Ng, N. L., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the ozonolysis of ten different terpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006437doi:10.1029/2005jd006437, 2006a.

Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the photooxidation of 16 different terpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D17305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007050doi:10.1029/2006jd007050, 2006b.

Li, Y. J., Chen, Q., Guzman, M. I., Chan, C. K., and Martin, S. T.: Second-generation products contribute substantially to the particle-phase organic material produced by β-caryophyllene ozonolysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 121–132, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-1-2010, 2011.

Liu, B. Y. H. and Lee, K. W.: An aerosol generator of high stability, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 36, 861–865, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0002889758507357doi:10.1080/0002889758507357, 1975.

Matsunaga, A. and Ziemann, P. J.: Gas-wall partitioning of organic compounds in a Teflon film chamber and potential effects on reaction product and aerosol yield measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 44, 881–892, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.501044doi:10.1080/02786826.2010.501044, 2010.

Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., and Onasch, T. B.: Collection efficiencies in an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer as a function of particle phase for laboratory generated aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 884–898, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820802356797doi:10.1080/02786820802356797, 2008.

McMurry, P. H. and Grosjean, D.: Gas and aerosol wall losses in Teflon film smog chambers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 1176–1182, 1985.

McMurry, P. H. and Rader, D. J.: Aerosol wall losses in electrically charged chambers, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 4, 249–268, 1985.

Mensah, A. A., Buchholz, A., Mentel, T. F., Tillmann, R., and Kiendler-Scharr, A.: Aerosol mass spectrometric measurements of stable crystal hydrates of oxalates and inferred relative ionization efficiency of water, J. Aerosol Sci., 42, 11–19, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.10.003doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.10.003, 2011.

Neue, U. D., Kele, M., Bunner, B., Kromidas, A., Dourdeville, T., Mazzeo, J. R., Grumbach, E. S., Serpa, S., Wheat, T. E., Hong, P., and Gilar, M.: Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Technology and Applications, in: Adv. Chromatogr. (Boca Raton, FL, U. S.), edited by: Grushka, E., and Grinberg, N., Advances in Chromatography, 99–143, 2010.

Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Keywood, M. D., Bahreini, R., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C., Seinfeld, J. H., Lee, A., and Goldstein, A. H.: Contribution of first- versus second-generation products to secondary organic aerosols formed in the oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2283–2297, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052269udoi:10.1021/es052269u, 2006.

%Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., %Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., %Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx %level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation %of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159-5174, 2007. Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159–5174, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007, 2007.

Nguyen, T. L., Winterhalter, R., Moortgat, G., Kanawati, B., Peeters, J., and Vereecken, L.: The gas-phase ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene (C$_15$H$_24)$. Part II: A theoretical study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 4173–4183, 2009.

Odum, J. R., Hoffmann, T., Bowman, F., Collins, D., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Gas/particle partitioning and secondary organic aerosol yields, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2580–2585, 1996.

Offenberg, J. H., Kleindienst, T. E., Jaoui, M., Lewandowski, M., and Edney, E. O.: Thermal properties of secondary organic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03816, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024623doi:10.1029/2005gl024623, 2006.

Offenberg, J. H., Lewandowski, M., Edney, E. O., Kleindienst, T. E., and Jaoui, M.: Influence of aerosol acidity on the formation of secondary organic aerosol from biogenic precursor hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 7742–7747, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es901538edoi:10.1021/es901538e, 2009.

Pankow, J. F.: An absorption-model of gas-particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 28, 185–188, 1994a.

Pankow, J. F.: An absorption-model of the gas aerosol partitioning involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 28, 189–193, 1994b.

Pankow, J. F. and Asher, W. E.: SIMPOL.1: a simple group contribution method for predicting vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization of multifunctional organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2773–2796, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2773-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2773-2008, 2008.

Pierce, J. R., Engelhart, G. J., Hildebrandt, L., Weitkamp, E. A., Pathak, R. K., Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Adams, P. J., and Pandis, S. N.: Constraining particle evolution from wall losses, coagulation, and condensation-evaporation in smog-chamber experiments: Optimal estimation based on size distribution measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 42, 1001–1015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820802389251doi:10.1080/02786820802389251, 2008.

Presto, A. A. and Donahue, N. M.: Investigation of $\alpha $-pinene plus ozone secondary organic aerosol formation at low total aerosol mass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 3536–3543, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052203zdoi:10.1021/es052203z, 2006.

Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Wiedinmyer, C., Helmig, D., Matsunaga, S., Potosnak, M., Milford, J., and Guenther, A.: Monoterpene and sesquiterpene emission estimates for the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1623–1629, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es702274edoi:10.1021/es702274e, 2008a.

Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Guenther, A., Helmig, D., Milford, J., and Wiedinmyer, C.: Secondary organic aerosol from sesquiterpene and monoterpene emissions in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8784–8790, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es800817rdoi:10.1021/es800817r, 2008b.

Seinfeld, J. H. and Pankow, J. F.: Organic atmospheric particulate material, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 54, 121–140, http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103756doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103756, 2003.

Seinfeld, J. H., Kleindienst, T. E., Edney, E. O., and Cohen, J. B.: Aerosol growth in a steady-state, continuous flow chamber: Application to studies of secondary aerosol formation, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 37, 728–734, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820390214954doi:10.1080/02786820390214954, 2003.

%Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., %Worsnop, D. R., McKinney, K. A., and Martin, S. T.: Particle mass yield in %secondary organic aerosol formed by the dark ozonolysis of $\alpha $-pinene, %Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2073-2088, 2008. Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., McKinney, K. A., and Martin, S. T.: Particle mass yield in secondary organic aerosol formed by the dark ozonolysis of $\alpha $-pinene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2073–2088, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2073-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2073-2008, 2008.

Shilling, J. E., Chen, Q., King, S. M., Rosenoern, T., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., DeCarlo, P. F., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Jimenez, J. L., and Martin, S. T.: Loading-dependent elemental composition of $\alpha $-pinene SOA particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 771-782, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-771-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-771-2009, 2009.

Shu, Y. H. and Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric lifetimes and fates of a series of sesquiterpenes, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7275–7281, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JD00368doi:10.1029/95JD00368, 1995.

Slowik, J. G., Stroud, C., Bottenheim, J. W., Brickell, P. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., Liggio, J., Makar, P. A., Martin, R. V., Moran, M. D., Shantz, N. C., Sjostedt, S. J., van Donkelaar, A., Vlasenko, A., Wiebe, H. A., Xia, A. G., Zhang, J., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Characterization of a large biogenic secondary organic aerosol event from eastern Canadian forests, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2825–2845, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2825-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-2825-2010, 2010.

Solomon, P., Cowling, E., Hidy, G., and Furiness, C.: Comparison of scientific findings from major ozone field studies in North America and Europe, Atmos. Environ., 34, 1885–1920, 2000.

Wang, S. C. and Flagan, R. C.: Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer, J. Aerosol Sci., 20, 1485–1488, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(89)90868-9doi:10.1016/0021-8502(89)90868-9, 1989.

Winterhalter, R., Herrmann, F., Kanawati, B., Nguyen, T. L., Peeters, J., Vereecken, L., and Moortgat, G. K.: The gas-phase ozonolysis of β-caryophyllene (C$_15$H$_24)$. Part I: an experimental study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 4152–4172, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b817824kdoi:10.1039/b817824k, 2009.

Zhang, H. L. and Ying, Q.: Secondary organic aerosol formation and source apportionment in Southeast Texas, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3217–3227, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.046doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.046, 2011.