References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-12-1833-2012

The adsorption of peroxynitric acid on ice between 230 K and 253 K

Ulrich

¹ ² Ammann

¹ Leutwyler

² Bartels-Rausch

Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland

17 02 2012

12 4 1833 1845

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/1833/2012/acp-12-1833-2012.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/1833/2012/acp-12-1833-2012.pdf

Peroxynitric acid uptake to ice and snow has been proposed to be a major loss process from the atmosphere with impacts on the atmospheric oxidation capacity. Here we present results from a laboratory study on the interaction of peroxynitric acid with water ice at low concentration. Experiments were performed in a coated wall flow tube at atmospheric pressure and in the environmentally relevant temperature range of 230 K to 253 K. The interaction was found to be fully reversible and decomposition was not observed. Analysis based on the Langmuir adsorption model showed that the partitioning of peroxynitric acid to ice is orders of magnitude lower than of nitric acid and similar to nitrous acid partitioning behavior. The partition coefficient (KLinC) and its temperature dependency can be described by 3.74 × 10−12 × e(7098/T) [cm]. Atmospheric implications are discussed and show that the uptake to cirrus clouds or to snow-packs in polar areas is an important sink for peroxynitric acid in the environment.

References 1

Abbatt, J. P. D.: Interaction of HNO3 with water-ice surfaces at temperatures of the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1479–1482, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97GL01403doi:10.1029/97GL01403, 1997.

Abbatt, J. P. D.: Interactions of atmospheric trace gases with ice surfaces: Adsorption and reaction, Chem. Rev., 103, 4783–4800, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr0206418doi:10.1021/cr0206418, 2003.

Abida, O., Mielke, L. H., and Osthoff, H. D.: Observation of gas-phase peroxynitrous and peroxynitric acid during the photolysis of nitrate in acidified frozen solutions, Chem. Phys. Lett., 511, 187–192, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.06.055doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2011.06.055, 2011.

Amels, P., Elias, H., Götz, U., Steingens, U., and Wannowius, K. J.: Chapter 3.1: Kinetic investigation of the stability of peroxonitric acid and of its reaction with sulfur(IV) in aqueous solution, edited by: Warneck, P., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 77–88 pp., 1996.

Ammann, M.: Using N-13 as tracer in heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry experiments, Radiochim. Acta, 89, 831–838, http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.831doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.831, 2001.

Appelman, E. H. and Gosztola, D. J.: Aqueous peroxynitric acid (HOONO$_2)$ – a novel synthesis and some chemical and spectroscopic properties, Inorg. Chem., 34, 787–791, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00108a007doi:10.1021/ic00108a007, 1995.

Aschmutat, U., Hessling, M., Holland, F., and Hofzumahaus, A.: A tunable source of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO$_2)$ radicals: in the range between 10$^6$ and 10$^9$ cm−3, Institut für Atmosphärische Chemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 811–816, 2001.

Atkinson, R., Baulch, D. L., Cox, R. A., Crowley, J. N., Hampson, R. F., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Rossi, M. J., and Troe, J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume I – gas phase reactions of Ox, HOx, NOx and SOx species, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1461–1738, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004doi:10.5194/acp-4-1461-2004, 2004.

Bartels, T., Eichler, B., Zimmermann, P., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 235–247, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2-235-2002doi:10.5194/acp-2-235-2002, 2002.

Bartels-Rausch, T., Huthwelker, T., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Atmospheric pressure coated-wall flow-tube study of acetone adsorption on ice, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 4531–4539, 2005.

Bartels-Rausch, T., Ulrich, T., Huthwelker, T., and Ammann, M.: A novel synthesis of the radiactively labelled atmospheric trace gas peroxynitirc acid, Radiochim. Acta, 99, 1–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/ract.2011.1830doi:10.1524/ract.2011.1830, 2011.

Becker, K. H., Kleffmann, J., Kurtenbach, R., and Wiesen, P.: Solubility of nitrous acid (HONO) in sulfuric acid solutions, J. Phys. Chem.-US, 100, 14984–14990, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp961140rdoi:10.1021/jp961140r, 1996.

Bowden, D. J., Clegg, S. L., and Brimblecombe, P.: The Henry's law constant of trifluoroacetic acid and its partitioning into liquid water in the atmosphere, Chemosphere, 32, 405–420, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(95)00330-4doi:10.1016/0045-6535(95)00330-4, 1996.

Chameides, W. L.: The photochemistry of a remote marine stratiform cloud, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 89, 4739–4755, 10.1029/JD090iD03p05865, 1984.

Chen, C. C., Britt, H. I., Boston, J. F., and Evans, L. B.: Extension and Application of the Pitzer Equation for Vapor-Liquid-Equilibrium of Aqueous-Electrolyte Systems with Molecular Solutes, Aiche Journal, 25, 820–831, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690250510doi:10.1002/aic.690250510, 1979.

Chu, L., Diao, G. W., and Chu, L. T.: Heterogeneous interaction and reaction of HONO on ice films between 173 and 230 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 104, 3150–3158, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9937151doi:10.1021/jp9937151, 2000.

Clegg, S. M. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Uptake of gas-phase SO2 and H2O2 by ice surfaces: Dependence on partial pressure, temperature, and surface acidity, J. Phys. Chem. A, 105, 6630–6636, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp010062rdoi:10.1021/jp010062r, 2001.

Cox, R. A., Fernandez, M. A., Symington, A., Ullerstam, M., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: A kinetic model for uptake of HNO3 and HCl on ice in a coated wall flow system, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 7, 3434–3442, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b506683bdoi:10.1039/b506683b, 2005.

Crowley, J. N., Ammann, M., Cox, R. A., Hynes, R. G., Jenkin, M. E., Mellouki, A., Rossi, M. J., Troe, J., and Wallington, T. J.: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry: Volume V – heterogeneous reactions on solid substrates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9059–9223, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9059-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9059-2010, 2010.

Davis, D. D., Seelig, J., Huey, G., Crawford, J., Chen, G., Wang, Y., Buhr, M., Helmig, D., Neff, W., Blake, D., Arimoto, R., and Eisele, F.: A reassessment of Antarctic plateau reactive nitrogen based on ANTO 2003 airborne and ground based measurements, Atmos. Envrion., 42, 2831–2848, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.039doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.039, 2008.

Dominé, F., Albert, M., Huthwelker, T., Jacobi, H.-W., Kokhanovsky, A. A., Lehning, M., Picard, G., and Simpson, W. R.: Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 171–208, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-171-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-171-2008, 2008.

Durham, J. L., Overton, J. H., and Aneja, V. P.: Influence of gaseous nitric-acid on sulfate production and acidity in rain, Atmos. Envrion., 15, 1059–1068, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(81)90106-2doi:10.1016/0004-6981(81)90106-2, 1981.

Foley, W. T. and Giguere, P. A.: Hydrogen peroxide and its analogues. 2. Phase equilibrium in the system hydrogen peroxide water, Canadian Journal of Chemistry-Revue Canadienne De Chimie, 29, 123–132, http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v51-016doi:10.1139/v51-016, 1951.

Gaffney, J. S. and Senum, G. I.: presented at the Conference on Gas-Liquid Chemistry of Natural Waters, Brookhaven National Laboratory, April 1984, Paper No. 5, BNL 51757, Vol. 1, 1984.

Gierczak, T., Jimenez, E., Riffault, V., Burkholder, J. B., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Thermal decomposition of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA): Rate coefficient and determination of the enthalpy of formation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 586–596, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp046632fdoi:10.1021/jp046632f, 2005.

Grannas, A. M., Jones, A. E., Dibb, J., Ammann, M., Anastasio, C., Beine, H. J., Bergin, M., Bottenheim, J., Boxe, C. S., Carver, G., Chen, G., Crawford, J. H., Dominé, F., Frey, M. M., Guzmán, M. I., Heard, D. E., Helmig, D., Hoffmann, M. R., Honrath, R. E., Huey, L. G., Hutterli, M., Jacobi, H. W., Kl�n, P., Lefer, B., McConnell, J., Plane, J., Sander, R., Savarino, J., Shepson, P. B., Simpson, W. R., Sodeau, J. R., von Glasow, R., Weller, R., Wolff, E. W., and Zhu, T.: An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4329–4373, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-4329-2007, 2007.

Guimbaud, C., Bartels-Rausch, T., and Ammann, M.: An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer (APCI-MS) combined with a chromatographic technique to measure the adsorption enthalpy of acetone on ice, Int. J. Mass. Spectrom., 226, 279–290, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00019-8doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(03)00019-8, 2003.

Heland, J., Kleffmann, J., Kurtenbach, R., and Wiesen, P.: A new instrument to measure gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3207–3212, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es000303tdoi:10.1021/es000303t, 2001.

Hoffmann, M. R. and Jacob, D. J.: Kinetics and mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide in aqueous solution: An application to nighttime fog water chemistry, in: SO2, NO and NO2 oxidation mechanisms: Atmospheric considerations, edited by: Calvert, J. G., Butterworth Publishers, Bosten, MA, 101–172, 1984.

Huey, L. G.: Measurement of trace atmospheric species by chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Speciation of reactive nitrogen and future directions, Mass. Spectrom. Rev., 26, 166–184, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20118doi:10.1002/mas.20118, 2007.

Huthwelker, T., Lamb, D., Baker, M., Swanson, B., and Peter, T.: Uptake of SO2 by polycrystalline water ice, J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 238, 147–159, http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.2001.7507doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.7507, 2001.

Huthwelker, T., Ammann, M., and Peter, T.: The uptake of acidic gases on ice, Chem. Rev., 106, 1375–1444, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr020506vdoi:10.1021/cr020506v, 2006.

Hwang, H. and Dasgupta, P. K.: Thermodynamics of the hydrogen-peroxide water-system, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 255–258, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00133a006doi:10.1021/es00133a006, 1985.

Hynes, R. G., Fernandez, M. A., and Cox, R. A.: Uptake of HNO3 on water-ice and coadsorption of HNO3 and HCl in the temperature range 210–235 K, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4797, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001557doi:10.1029/2001JD001557, 2002.

Jimenez, E., Gierczak, T., Stark, H., Burkholder, J. B., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Reaction of OH with HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid): Rate coefficients between 218 and 335 K and product yields at 298 K, J. Phys. Chem. A, 108, 1139–1149, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0363489doi:10.1021/jp0363489, 2004.

Kenley, R. A., Trevor, P. L., and Lan, B. Y.: Preparation and thermal-decomposition of pernitric acid (HOONO$_2)$ in aqueous-media, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 2203–2206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00399a012doi:10.1021/ja00399a012, 1981.

Kerbrat, M., Huthwelker, T., Bartels-Rausch, T., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Co-adsorption of acetic acid and nitrous acid on ice, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 7194–7202, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b924782cdoi:10.1039/b924782c, 2010a.

Kerbrat, M., Huthwelker, T., Gäggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Interaction of nitrous acid with polycrystalline ice: Adsorption on the surface and diffusion into the bulk, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 2208–2219, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp909535cdoi:10.1021/jp909535c, 2010b.

Kim, S., Huey, L. G., Stickel, R. E., Tanner, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Olson, J. R., Chen, G., Brune, W. H., Ren, X., Lesher, R., Wooldridge, P. J., Bertram, T. H., Perring, A., Cohen, R. C., Lefer, B. L., Shetter, R. E., Avery, M., Diskin, G., and Sokolik, I.: Measurement of HO2NO2 in the free troposphere during the intercontinental chemical transport experiment – North America 2004, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D12S01, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007676doi:10.1029/2006JD007676, 2007.

Kleffmann, J., Heland, J., Kurtenbach, R., Lorzer, J., and Wiesen, P.: A new instrument (LOPAP) for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO), Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 48–54, 2002.

Knight, G., Ravishankara, A. R., and Burkholder, J. B.: UV absorption cross sections of HO2NO2 between 343 and 273 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 1432–1437, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b108904hdoi:10.1039/b108904h, 2002.

Krepelova, A., Newberg, J. T., Huthwelker, T., Bluhm, H., and Ammann, M.: The nature of nitrate at the ice surface studied by XPS and NEXAFS, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 8870–8880, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00359jdoi:10.1039/c0cp00359j, 2010.

Lammel, G., Perner, D., and Warneck, P.: Decomposition of pernitric acid in aqueous-solution, J. Phys. Chem.-US, 94, 6141–6144, 10.1021/j100378a091, 1990.

Lelieveld, J. and Crutzen, P. J.: The role of clouds in tropospheric photochemistry, J. Atmos. Chem., 12, 229–267, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048075doi:10.1007/BF00048075, 1991.

Li, Z. J., Friedl, R. R., Moore, S. B., and Sander, S. P.: Interaction of peroxynitric acid with solid H2O ice, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 6795–6802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JD00065doi:10.1029/96JD00065, 1996.

Liss, P. S. and Slater, P. G.: Flux of gases across air-sea interface, Nature, 247, 181–184, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247181a0doi:10.1038/247181a0, 1974.

Longfellow, C. A., Imamura, T., Ravishankara, A. R., and Hanson, D. R.: HONO solubility and heterogeneous reactivity on sulfuric acid surfaces, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 3323–3332, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9807120doi:10.1021/jp9807120, 1998.

Marsh, A. R. W. and McElroy, W. J.: The dissociation-constant and Henry law constant of HCl in aqueous-solution, Atmos. Envrion., 19, 1075–1080, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90192-1doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90192-1, 1985.

McNeill, V. F., Loerting, T., Geiger, F. M., Trout, B. L., and Molina, M. J.: Hydrogen chloride-induced surface disordering on ice, P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 9422–9427, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603494103doi:10.1073/pnas.0603494103, 2006.

McNeill, V. F., Geiger, F. M., Loerting, T., Trout, B. L., Molina, L. T., and Molina, M. J.: Interaction of hydrogen chloride with ice surfaces: The effects of grain size, surface roughness, and surface disorder, J. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 6274–6284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp068914gdoi:10.1021/jp068914g, 2007.

Niki, H., Maker, P. D., Savage, C. M., and Breitenbach, L. P.: Fourier-transform IR spectroscopic observation of pernitric acid formed via HOO + NO$_2->$ HOONO2, Chem. Phys. Lett., 45, 564–566, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(79)85027-7doi:10.1016/0009-2614(79)85027-7, 1977.

Peybernes, N., Marchand, C., Le Calve, S., and Mirabel, P.: Adsorption studies of acetone and 2,3-butanedione on ice surfaces between 193 and 223 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 1277–1284, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b315064jdoi:10.1039/b315064j, 2004.

Picaud, S., Hoang, P. N. M., Peybernes, N., Le Calve, S., and Mirabel, P.: Adsorption of acetic acid on ice: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, J. Chem. Phys., 122, 194707, http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1888368doi:10.1063/1.1888368, 2005.

Popp, P. J., Gao, R. S., Marcy, T. P., Fahey, D. W., Hudson, P. K., Thompson, T. L., Karcher, B., Ridley, B. A., Weinheimer, A. J., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Baumgardner, D., Garrett, T. J., Weinstock, E. M., Smith, J. B., Sayres, D. S., Pittman, J. V., Dhaniyala, S., Bui, T. P., and Mahoney, M. J.: Nitric acid uptake on subtropical cirrus cloud particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D06302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004255doi:10.1029/2003JD004255, 2004.

Possanzini, M., Dipalo, V., and Liberti, A.: Annular denuder method for determination of H2O2 in the ambient atmosphere, Sci. Total Environ., 77, 203–214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(88)90056-3doi:10.1016/0048-9697(88)90056-3, 1988.

Pouvesle, N., Kippenberger, M., Schuster, G., and Crowley, J. N.: The interaction of H2O2 with ice surfaces between 203 and 233 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 15544–15550, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp01656jdoi:10.1039/c0cp01656j, 2010.

Regimbal, J. M. and Mozurkewich, M.: Peroxynitric acid decay mechanisms and kinetics at low pH, J. Phys. Chem. A, 101, 8822–8829, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp971908ndoi:10.1021/jp971908n, 1997.

Servant, J., Kouadio, G., Cros, B., and Delmas, R.: Carboxylic monoacids in the air of mayombe forest (Congo) – Role of the forest as a source or sink, J. Atmos. Chem., 12, 367–380, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00114774doi:10.1007/BF00114774, 1991.

Slusher, D. L., Pitteri, S. J., Haman, B. J., Tanner, D. J., and Huey, L. G.: A chemical ionization technique for measurement of pernitric acid in the upper troposphere and the polar boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3875–3878, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013443doi:10.1029/2001GL013443, 2001.

Slusher, D. L., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D. J., Chen, G., Davis, D. D., Buhr, M., Nowak, J. B., Eisele, F. L., Kosciuch, E., Mauldin, R. L., Lefer, B. L., Shetter, R. E., and Dibb, J. E.: Measurements of pernitric acid at the South Pole during ISCAT 2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015703doi:10.1029/2002GL015703, 2002.

Slusher, D. L., Neff, W. D., Kim, S., Huey, L. G., Wang, Y., Zeng, T., Tanner, D. J., Blake, D. R., Beyersdorf, A., Lefer, B. L., Crawford, J. H., Eisele, F. L., Mauldin, R. L., Kosciuch, E., Buhr, M. P., Wallace, H. W., and Davis, D. D.: Atmospheric chemistry results from the ANTCI 2005 Antarctic plateau airborne study, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D07304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012605doi:10.1029/2009JD012605, 2010.

Sokolov, O. and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Adsorption to ice of n-alcohols (ethanol to 1-hexanol), acetic acid, and hexanal, J. Phys. Chem. A, 106, 775–782, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp013291mdoi:10.1021/jp013291m, 2002.

Symington, A., Cox, R. A., and Fernandez, M. A.: Uptake of organic acids on ice surfaces: Evidence for surface modification and hydrate formation, Z. Phys. Chem., 224, 1219–1245, http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.2010.6149doi:10.1524/zpch.2010.6149, 2010.

Thibert, E. and Dominé, F.: Thermodynamics and kinetics of the solid solution of HNO3 in ice, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 4432–4439, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp980569adoi:10.1021/jp980569a, 1998.

Ullerstam, M., Thornberry, T., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Uptake of gas-phase nitric acid to ice at low partial pressures: evidence for unsaturated surface coverage, Faraday Discuss., 130, 211–226, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b417418fdoi:10.1039/b417418f, 2005.

Vlasenko, A., Huthwelker, T., Gaggeler, H. W., and Ammann, M.: Kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid with mineral dust particles: An aerosol flowtube study, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 7921–7930, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b904290ndoi:10.1039/b904290n, 2009.

von Hessberg, P., Pouvesle, N., Winkler, A. K., Schuster, G., and Crowley, J. N.: Interaction of formic and acetic acid with ice surfaces between 187 and 227 K. Investigation of single species- and competitive adsorption, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10, 2345–2355, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b800831kdoi:10.1039/b800831k, 2008.

Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J.: Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water, Chem. Rev., 77, 219–262, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr60306a003doi:10.1021/cr60306a003, 1977.

Winkler, A. K., Holmes, N. S., and Crowley, J. N.: Interaction of methanol, acetone and formaldehyde with ice surfaces between 198 and 223 K, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 5270–5275, 2002.

Yaws, C. L. and Yang, H.-C.: Henry's law constant for compound in water, Thermodynamic and Physical Property Data, edited by: Yaws, C. L., Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1992.