<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-12-10945-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Impact of very short-lived halogens on stratospheric ozone abundance and UV radiation in a geo-engineered atmosphere</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tilmes</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kinnison</surname>
<given-names>D. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garcia</surname>
<given-names>R. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Salawitch</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Canty</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee-Taylor</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Madronich</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chance</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>22</issue>
<fpage>10945</fpage>
<lpage>10955</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10945/2012/acp-12-10945-2012.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10945/2012/acp-12-10945-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10945/2012/acp-12-10945-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10945/2012/acp-12-10945-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The impact of very short-lived (VSL) halogenated source species on the ozone
layer and surface erythemal ultraviolet radiation (UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt;) is
investigated in the context of geo-engineering of climate by stratospheric
sulfur injection. For a projected 2040 model atmosphere, consideration of VSL
halogens at their upper limit results in lower ozone columns and higher
UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt; due to geo-engineering for nearly all seasons and
latitudes, with UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt; rising by 12% and 6% in southern
and northern high latitudes, respectively. When VSL halogen sources are
neglected, future UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt; increases due to declines in ozone
column are nearly balanced by reductions of UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt; due to
scattering by the higher stratospheric aerosol burden in mid-latitudes.
Consideration of VSL sources at their upper limit tips the balance, resulting
in annual average increases in UV&lt;sub&gt;ERY&lt;/sub&gt; of up to 5% in mid and
high latitudes. Therefore, VSL halogens should be considered in models that
assess the impact of stratospheric sulfur injections on the ozone layer.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="11"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chance, K.: Analysis of BrO measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3335–3338, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98GL52359doi:10.1029/98GL52359, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Choi, S., Wang, Y., Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T., Joiner, J., Zeng, T., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Richter, A., Huey, L. G., Liao, J., Neuman, J. A., Nowak, J. B., Dibb, J. E., Weinheimer, A. J., Diskin, G., Ryerson, T. B., da Silva, A., Curry, J., Kinnison, D., Tilmes, S., and Levelt, P. F.: Analysis of satellite-derived Arctic tropospheric BrO columns in conjunction with aircraft measurements during ARCTAS and ARCPAC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1255–1285, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-1255-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-1255-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Crutzen, P J.: Albedo enhancements by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma? An Editorial Essay, Clim. Change, 77, 211–219, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dlugokencky, E J., Duttoni, E G., Novelli, P C., Tans, P P., Masarie, K A., Lantz, K O., and Madronich, S.: Changes in CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and CO growth rates after the eruption of Mt Pinatubo and their link with changes in tropical tropospheric UV flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2761–2764, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL02638doi:10.1029/96GL02638, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Eyring, V., Butchart, N., Waugh, D W., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Bekki, S., Bodeker, G E., Boville, B A., Brühl, C., Chipperfield, M P., Cordero, E., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Fioletov, V E., Frith, S M., Garcia, R R., Gettelman, A., Giorgetta, M A., Grewe, V., Jourdain, L., Kinnison, D E., Mancini, E., Manzini, E., Marchand, M., Marsh, D R., Nagashima, T., Nielsen, E., Newman, P A., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D A., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Shepherd, T G., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R S., Struthers, H., Tian, W., and Yoshiki, M.: Assessment of temperature, trace species and ozone in chemistry-climate simulations of the recent past, J Geophys. Res., 111, D22308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007327doi:10.1029/2006JD007327, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Eyring, V., Shepherd, T. G., and Waugh, D W., eds.: SPARC Report on the Evaluation of Chemistry-Climate Models, SPARC Report No. 5, WCRP-132, WMO/TD-No.1526, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fahey, D W., Kawa, S R., Woodbridge, E L., Tin, P., Wilson, J C., Jonsson, H H., Dye, J E., Baumgardner, D., Borrmann, S., and Toohey, D W.: In situ measurements constraining the role of sulphate aerosols in mid-latitude ozone depletion, Nature, 363, 509–514, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Feng, W., Chipperfield, M. P., Dorf, M., Pfeilsticker, K., and Ricaud, P.: Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2357–2369, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2357-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-2357-2007, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Garcia, R R., Marsh, D R., Kinnison, D E., Boville, B A., and Sassi, F.: Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950–2003, J Geophys. Res., 112, D09301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007485doi:10.1029/2006JD007485, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Heckendorn, P., Weisenstein, D., Fueglistaler, S., Luo, B., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Thomason, L., and Peter, T.: The impact of geoengineering aerosols on stratospheric temperature and ozone, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045108doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045108, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Herman, J R.: Global increase in UV irradiance during the past 30 years (1979–2008) estimated from satellite data, J Geophys. Res., 115, D04203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012219doi:10.1029/2009JD012219, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M P., Dhomse, S., Ordonez, C., Saiz-Lopez, A., Abraham, N L., Archibald, A., Braesicke, P., Telford, P J., Warwick, N J., Yang, X., and Pyle, J.: Modelling future changes to the stratospheric source gas injection of biogenic bromocarbons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L20813, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053401doi:10.1029/2012GL053401, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kinnison, D E., Brasseur, G P., Walters, S., Garcia, R R., Marsch, D A., Sassi, F., Boville, B A., Harvey, V L., Randall, C E., Emmons, L., Lamarque, J F., Hess, P., Orlando, J J., Tie, X X., Randel, W., Pan, L L., Gettelman, A., Granier, C., Diehl, T., Niemaier, U., and Simmons, A J.: Sensitivity of chemical tracers to meteorological parameters in the MOZART-3 chemical transport model, J Geophys. Res., 112, D20302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007879doi:10.1029/2006JD007879, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lee-Taylor, J. and Madronich, S.: Climatology of UV-A, UV-B, and Erythemal Radiation at the Earth&apos;s Surface, 1979–2000, NCAR Technical Note TN-474-STR, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., Mayer, B., and Fischer, C.: A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979–2000, 65S–65N, in: UV Radiation in: Global Climate Change: Measurements, Modeling and Effects on Ecosystems, edited by: Gao, W., Schmoldt, D., and Slusser, J., 1–20, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, and Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Madronich, S. and Flocke, S.: Theoretical estimation of biologically effective UV radiation at the Earth&apos;s surface, in: Solar Ultraviolet Radiation - Modeling, Measurements and Effects, edited by: Zerefos, vol. 152, NATO ASI Series, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McKinlay, A F. and Diffey, B L.: A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, in: Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation: Risks and Regulations, edited by: Passchier, W R. and Bosnjakovic, B. F M., 83–87, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McPeters, R D., Hollandsworth, S M., Flynn, L E., Herman, J R., and Seftor, C J.: Long-term ozone trends derived from 16-year combined Nimbus 7/Meteor 3 TOMS Version 7 record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3699–3702, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96GL03540doi:10.1029/96GL03540, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mercado, L M., Bellouin, N., Sitch, S., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., Wild, M., and Cox, P M.: Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink, Nature, 458, 189–194, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07949doi:10.1038/nature07949, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Micheletti, M I., Piacentini, R D., and Madronich, S.: Sensitivity of Biologically Active UV Radiation to Stratospheric Ozone Changes: Effects of Action Spectrum Shape and Wavelength Range, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 78, 456–461, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Niemeier, U., Schmidt, H., and Timmreck, C.: The dependency of geoengineered sulfate aerosol on the emission strategy, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 189–194, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asl.304doi:10.1002/asl.304, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Oman, L., Plummer, D. A., Waugh, D. W., Austin, J., Scinocca, J. F., Douglass, A. R., Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T., Akiyoshi, H., Bekki, S., Braesicke, P., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M. P., Cugnet, D., Dhomse, S., Eyring, V., Frith, S., Hardiman, S. C., Kinnison, D. E., Lamarque, J.-F., Mancini, E., Marchand, M., Michou, M., Morgenstern, O., Nakamura, T., Nielsen, J. E., Olivíe, D.,. Pitari, G, Pyle, J., Rozanov, E., Shepherd, T. G., Shibata, K., Stolarski, R. S., Teyssedre, H., Tian, W., Yamashita, Y., and Ziemke, J. R.: Multimodel assessment of the factors driving stratospheric ozone evolution over the 21st century, J Geophys. Res., 115, D24306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014362doi:10.1029/2010JD014362, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pierce, J., Weisenstein, D., and Keith, D.: Efficient formation of stratospheric aerosol for geoengineering through emission of lowvolatility vapours in an aircraft plume, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 12, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Portmann, R W., Solomon, S., Garcia, R R., Thomason, L W., Poole, L R., and McCormick, M P.: Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion in the polar regions, J Geophys. Res., 101, 22991–23006, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Quack, B. and Wallace, D R.: Air-sea flux of bromoform: Controls, rates, and implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1023, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001890doi:10.1029/2002GB001890, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rasch, P J., Tilmes, S., Turco, R P., Robock, A., Oman, L., and Chen, C.-C.: An overview of geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulphate aerosols, Proc. R. Soc. London~A, 366, 4007–4037, http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0131doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0131, 2008a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rasch, R J., J., C P., and Coleman, D B.: Exploring the geoengineering of climate using stratospheric sulfate aerosols: The role of particle size, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032179doi:10.1029/2007GL032179, 2008b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Robock, A., Oman, L., and Stenchikov, G.: Regional climate response to geoengineering with tropical and Arctic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; injection, J Geophys. Res., 113, D16101, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010050doi:10.1029/2008JD010050, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Saiz-Lopez, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Kinnison, D. E., Tilmes, S., Ordóñez, C., Orlando, J. J., Conley, A. J., Plane, J. M. C., Mahajan, A. S., Sousa Santos, G., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Sander, S. P., Schauffler, S., Thompson, A. M., and Brasseur, G.: Estimating the climate significance of halogen-driven ozone loss in the tropical marine troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3939–3949, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-3939-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Salawitch, R J., Weisenstein, D K., Kovalenko, L J., Sioris, C E., Wennberg, P O., Chance, K., Ko, M. K W., and McLinden, C A.: Sensitivity of ozone to bromine in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05811, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021504doi:10.1029/2004GL021504, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Soden, B., Wetherald, R., Stenchikov, G., and Robock, A.: Global cooling after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A test of climate feedback by water vapor, Science, 296, 5568, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5568.727doi:10.1126/science.296.5568.727, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Solomon, S., Portmann, R., Garcia, R R., Thomason, L., Poole, L R., and McCormick, M P.: The role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes, J Geophys. Res., 101, 6713–6727, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M. M B., Miller, H L., and Chen, Z., eds.: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stenchikov, G L., Robock, A., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M D., Hamilton, K., and Ramachandran, S.: Oscillation response to the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption: Effects of volcanic aerosols and ozone depetion, J Geophys. Res., 107, 4803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002090doi:10.1029/2002JD002090, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tabazadeh, A., Drdla, K., Schoeberl, M R., Hamill, P., and Toon, O B.: Arctic &quot;ozone hole&quot; in a cold volcanic stratosphere, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 99, 2609–2612, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tilmes, S., Kinnison, D., Müller, R., Sassi, F., Marsh, D., Boville, B., and Garcia, R.: Evaluation of heterogeneous processes in the polar lower stratosphere in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, J Geophys. Res., 112, D24301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008334doi:10.1029/2006JD008334, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tilmes, S., Müller, R., and Salawitch, R J.: The sensitivity of polar ozone depletion to proposed geoengineering schemes, Science, 320, 1201–1204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153966doi:10.1126/science.1153966, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tilmes, S., Garcia, R R., Kinnison, D E., Gettelman, A., and Rasch, P J.: Impact of geoengineered aerosols on the troposphere and stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 114, D12305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011420doi:10.1029/2008JD011420, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Trenberth, K E. and Dai, A.: Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological cycle as an analog of geoengineering, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15702, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030524doi:10.1029/2007GL030524, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme and Environmental Effects Assessment Panel. Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2004, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 4, 177–184, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b418650hdoi:10.1039/b418650h, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wennberg, P O., Cohen, R C., Stimpfle, R M., Fahey, D W., Webster, C R., Salawitch, R J., Proffitt, M H., Chan, K R., Anderson, J G., and Wofsy, S C.: The removal of lower stratospheric ozone by free radical catalysis: In situ measurements of OH, HO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NO, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ClO, and BrO, Science, 266, 398–404, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wigley, T M.: A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization, Science, 314, 452–454, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> WMO: Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 51, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zeng, J., McKenzie, R., Stamnes, K., Wineland, M., and Rosen, J.: Measured UV spectra compared with discrete ordinate method simulations, J Geophys. Res., 99, p 23019, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94JD02145doi:10.1029/94JD02145, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>