<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-12-10899-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Size distribution of particulate mercury in marine and coastal atmospheres</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Feddersen</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Talbot</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mao</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sive</surname>
<given-names>B. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>22</issue>
<fpage>10899</fpage>
<lpage>10909</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10899/2012/acp-12-10899-2012.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10899/2012/acp-12-10899-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10899/2012/acp-12-10899-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/10899/2012/acp-12-10899-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>A study was conducted to determine the size distribution of particulate
mercury (Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt;) at a marine and coastal site, and to compare the
seasonal variability at both sites. Data was collected during summer 2009 and
2010, winter 2010, and spring 2010. Two cascade impactors were used to
collect Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt; in ten size fractions ranging from &gt; 10 μm
to &lt; 0.4 μm. During summer 2009, Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt; was found mainly
(50–60%) in coarse fractions, 1.1 to 5.8 μm, composed of sea
salt particles at both our coastal site (Thompson Farm) and marine site
(Appledore Island). In winter, Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt; at Thompson Farm was dominated
(65%) by fine particles, while in spring and summer 2010, at both sites,
Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt; was distributed across the coarse and fine fractions (40%
each). Using bulk filters to collect total Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt;, we show a diurnal
cycle that matches that of gaseous elemental mercury. Finally, dry deposition
rates of Hg&lt;sup&gt;P&lt;/sup&gt; were calculated to be
1.7–2.8 ng m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in the summer,
4.6 ng m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in the winter, and
2.5 ng m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; in the spring.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="11"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Alvarez, F. F., Rodriguez, M. T., Espinosa, A. J. F., and Daban, A. G.: Physical speciation of arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium and nickel in inhalable atmospheric particles, Anal. Chim. Acta, 524, 33–40, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Athanasopoulou, E., Tombrou, M., Pandis, S. N., and Russell, A. G.: The role of sea-salt emissions and heterogeneous chemistry in the air quality of polluted coastal areas, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5755–5769, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5755-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-5755-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Calvert, J. G. and Lindberg, S. E.: Mechanisms of mercury removal by O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and OH in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 139, 3355–3367, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Chen, M., Talbot, R., Mao, H., Sive, B., Chen, J., and Griffin, R. J.: Air mass classification in coastal New England and its relationship to meterological conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S05, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007687doi:10.1029/2006JD007687, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">De Leeuw, G., Neele, F. P., Hill, M., Smith, M. H., and Vignati, E.: Production of sea spray aerosol in the surf zone, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29397–29410, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Driscoll, C. T., Han, Y.-J., Chen, C. Y., Evers, D. C., Lambert, K. F., Holsen, T. M., Kamman, N. C., and Munson, R. K.: Mercury contamination in forest and freshwater ecosystems in the Northeastern United States, Bioscience, 57, 17–28, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts Jr., J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 383 pp., 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gildemeister, A. E., Graney, J., and Keeler, G. J.: Source proximity reflected in spatial and temporal variability in particle and vapor phase mercury concentration in Detroit, Mi., Atmos. Environ., 39, 353–358, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hall, B.: The gas-phase oxidation of elemental mercury by ozone, Water Air Soil Pollut., 80, 301–315, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hedgecock, I. M. and Pirrone, N.: Mercury and photochemistry in the marine boundary layer-modelling studies suggest the in situ production of reactive gas phase mercury, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3055–3062, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., and Yong, X.: Golbal Lifetime of elemental mercury against oxidation by atomic bromine in the free troposphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20808, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027176doi:10.1029/2006GL027176, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Mason, R. P., and Jaffe, D. A.: Sources and deposition of reactive gaseous mercury in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2278–2285, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Holmes, C. D., Jacob, D. J., Corbitt, E. S., Mao, J., Yang, X., Talbot, R., and Slemr, F.: Global atmospheric model for mercury including oxidation by bromine atoms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 12037–12057, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-12037-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-12037-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaffe, D., Prestbo, E., Swartzendruber, P., Weiss-Penzias, P., Kato, S., Takami, A., Hatakeyama, S., and Kajii, Y.: Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia, Atmos. Environ., 39, 3029–3038, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Keeler, G. J., Glinsorn, G., and Pirrone, N.: Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: It&apos;s significance, transport, transformation, and sources, Water Air Soil Pollut., 80, 159–168, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kim, S. Y.: Continental outflow of polluted air from the US to the North Atlantic and mercury cycling in various atmospheric environments, Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Hampshire, 114 pp., 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Landis, M. S. and Keeler, G. J.: Atmospheric mercury deposition to Lake Michigan during the Lake Michigan mass balance study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 4518–4524, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Landis, M. S., Stevens, R. K., Schaedlich, F., and Prestbo, E. M.: Development and characterization of an annular denuder methodology for the measurement of divalent inorganic reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3000–3009, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lindberg, S. E. and Stratton, W. J.: Atmospheric mercury specitation: Concentrations and behavior of reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 49–57, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Liu, B., Keeler, G. J., Dvonch, J. T., Barres, J. A., Lynam, M. M., Marsik, F. J., and Morgan, J. T.: Temporal variability of mercury speciation in urban air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1911–1923, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Lombard, M. A. S., Bryce, J. G., Mao, H., and Talbot, R.: Mercury deposition in Southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7657–7668, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7657-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-7657-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Malcolm, E. G. and Keeler, G. J.: Evidence for a sampling artifact for particulate phase mercury in the marine atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 41, 3352–3359, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mao, H., Talbot, R. W., Sigler, J. M., Sive, B. C., and Hegarty, J. D.: Seasonal and diurnal variations of Hg$^0$ over New England, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1403–1421, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1403-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1403-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Mao, H., Talbot, R., Hegarty, J., and Koermer, J.: Speciated mercury at marine, coastal, and inland sites in New England – Part 2: Relationships with atmospheric physical parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4181–4206, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-4181-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-4181-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Reinfelder, J. R., Totten, L. A., and Eisenreich, S. J.: The New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Network: Final Report to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 160 pp., 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Schroeder, W. H. and Munthe, J.: Atmospheric Mercury – An Overview, Atmos. Environ., 32, 809–822, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sigler, J. M., Mao, H., and Talbot, R.: Gaseous elemental and reactive mercury in Southern New Hampshire, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1929–1942, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1929-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1929-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sommar, J., Gardfeldt, K., Stromberg, D., and Feng, X. B.: A kinetic study of the gas-phase reaction between the hydroxyl radical and atomic mercury, Atmos. Environ., 35, 3049–3054, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Stephens, C. R., Shepson, P. B., Steffen, A., Bottenheim, J. W., Liao, J., Huey, L. G., Apel, E., Weinheimer, A., Hall, S. R., Cantrell, C., Sive, B. C., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., and Hornbrook, R. S.: The relative importance of chlorine and bromine radicals in the oxidation of atmospheric mercury at Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, D00R11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016649doi:10.1029/2011JD016649, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Talbot, R., Mao, H., Feddersen, D., Smith, M., Kim, S. Y., Sive, B., Haase, K., Ambrose, J., Zhou, Y., and Russo, R.: Comparison of particulate mercury measured with manual and automated methods, Atmosphere, 2, 1–20, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tsai, Y. I., Kuo, S. C., and Lin, Y. H.: Temporal characteristics of inhalable mercury and arsenic aerosols in the urban atmosphere in southern Taiwan, Atmos. Environ., 37, 3401–3411, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Vanarsdale, A., Weiss, J., Keeler, G., Miller, E., Boulet, G., Brulotte, R., and Poissant, L.: Patterns of mercury deposition and concentration in northeastern North America (1996–2002), Ecotoxicology, 14, 37–52, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wall, S. M., John, W., and Ondo, J. L.: Measurement of aerosol size distributions for nitrate and major ionic species, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1649–1656, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wang, Z. W., Zhan, X. S., Chen, Z. S., and Zhang, Y.: Mercury concentrations in size-fractionated airborne particles at urban and suburban sites in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2194–2201, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Weiss-Penzias, P., Jaffe, D., Swartzendruber, P., Hafner, W., Chand, D.,and Prestbo, E.: Quantifying Asian and biomass burning sources of mercury using the Hg/CO ratio in pollution plumes observed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4366–4379, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Xiu, G., Cai, J., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Bueler, A., Lee, S., Shen, Y., Xu, L., Huang, X., and Zhang, P.: Speciated mercury in size-fractionated particles in Shangai ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3145–3154, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zhang, Y., Jaeglé, L., van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Holmes, C. D., Amos, H. M., Wang, Q., Talbot, R., Artz, R., Brooks, S., Luke, W., Holsen, T. M., Felton, D., Miller, E. K., Perry, K. D., Schmeltz, D., Steffen, A., Tordon, R., Weiss-Penzias, P., and Zsolway, R.: Nested-grid simulation of mercury over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6095–6111, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6095-2012doi:10.5194/acp-12-6095-2012, 2012. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>