References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-9465-2011

The impact of China's vehicle emissions on regional air quality in 2000 and 2020: a scenario analysis

Saikawa

¹ ⁶ Kurokawa

² ⁷ Takigawa

³ Borken-Kleefeld

⁴ Mauzerall

D. L.

¹ Horowitz

L. W.

⁵ Ohara

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA

now at: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

now at: Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata, Japan

16 09 2011

11 18 9465 9484

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9465/2011/acp-11-9465-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9465/2011/acp-11-9465-2011.pdf

The number of vehicles in China has been increasing rapidly. We evaluate the impact of current and possible future vehicle emissions from China on Asian air quality. We modify the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) for China's road transport sector in 2000 using updated Chinese data for the number of vehicles, annual mileage, and emission factors. We develop two scenarios for 2020: a scenario where emission factors remain the same as they were in 2000 (No-Policy, NoPol), and a scenario where Euro 3 vehicle emission standards are applied to all vehicles (except motorcycles and rural vehicles). The Euro 3 scenario is an approximation of what may be the case in 2020 as, starting in 2008, all new vehicles in China (except motorcycles) were required to meet the Euro 3 emission standards. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem), we examine the regional air quality response to China's vehicle emissions in 2000 and in 2020 for the NoPol and Euro 3 scenarios. We evaluate the 2000 model results with observations in Japan, China, Korea, and Russia. Under NoPol in 2020, emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) from China's vehicles more than double compared to the 2000 baseline. If all vehicles meet the Euro 3 regulations in 2020, however, these emissions are reduced by more than 50% relative to NoPol. The implementation of stringent vehicle emission standards leads to a large, simultaneous reduction of the surface ozone (O3) mixing ratios and particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. In the Euro 3 scenario, surface O3 is reduced by more than 10 ppbv and surface PM2.5 is reduced by more than 10 μg m−3 relative to NoPol in Northeast China in all seasons. In spring, surface O3 mixing ratios and PM2.5 concentrations in neighboring countries are also reduced by more than 3 ppbv and 1 μg m−3, respectively. We find that effective regulation of China's road transport sector will be of significant benefit for air quality both within China and across East Asia as well.

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