ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-9415-2011 Variations in time and space of trace metal aerosol concentrations in urban areas and their surroundings Moreno T. 1 Querol X. 1 Alastuey A. 1 Reche C. 1 Cusack M. 1 Amato F. 1 Pandolfi M. 1 Pey J. 1 Richard A. 2 Prévôt A. S. H. 2 Furger M. 2 Gibbons W. 3 Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDǼA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland AP 23075, Barcelona 08080, Spain 12 09 2011 11 17 9415 9430 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9415/2011/acp-11-9415-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9415/2011/acp-11-9415-2011.pdf

Using an unprecedentedly large geochemical database, we compare temporal and spatial variations in inhalable trace metal background concentrations in a major city (Barcelona, Spain) and at a nearby mountainous site (Montseny) affected by the urban plume. Both sites are contaminated by technogenic metals, with V, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Sn, Bi, Sb and Cd all showing upper continental crust (UCC) normalised values >1 in broadly increasing order. The highest metal concentrations usually occur during winter at Barcelona and summer in Montseny. This seasonal difference was especially marked at the remote mountain site in several elements such as Ti and Rare Earth Elements, which recorded campaign maxima, exceeding PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations seen in Barcelona. The most common metals were Zn, Ti, Cu, Mn, Pb and V. Both V and Ni show highest concentrations in summer, and preferentially fractionate into the finest PM sizes (PM<sub>1</sub>/PM<sub>10</sub> > 0.5) especially in Barcelona, this being attributed to regionally dispersed contamination from fuel oil combustion point sources. Within the city, hourly metal concentrations are controlled either by traffic (rush hour double peak for Cu, Sb, Sn, Ba) or industrial plumes (morning peak of Ni, Mn, Cr generated outside the city overnight), whereas at Montseny metal concentrations rise during the morning to a single, prolonged afternoon peak as contaminated air transported by the sea breeze moves into the mountains. Our exceptional database, which includes hourly measurements of chemical concentrations, demonstrates in more detail than previous studies the spatial and temporal variability of urban pollution by trace metals in a given city. Technogenic metalliferous aerosols are commonly fine in size and therefore potentially bioavailable, emphasising the case for basing urban background PM characterisation not only on physical parameters such as mass but also on sample chemistry and with special emphasis on trace metal content.

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