References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-9019-2011

Quantification of the volatility of secondary organic compounds in ultrafine particles during nucleation events

Pierce

J. R.

¹ Riipinen

² ³ ⁴ Kulmala

² Ehn

² ⁶ Petäjä

² Junninen

² Worsnop

D. R.

² ⁵ Donahue

N. M.

Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Institute of Chemical Engineering and High-Temperature (ICE-HT) Processes, Patras, Greece

Aerodyne Research Inc., MA-01821, Billerica, MA, USA

currently at: Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

05 09 2011

11 17 9019 9036

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Condensation of secondary organic compounds onto ultrafine aerosols is important for growing these particles to sizes where they can act as cloud condensation nuclei. The organic flux to ultrafine particles depends strongly on the volatility of the condensing compounds. This paper presents quantitative estimates of the volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in freshly nucleated particles. We examine 13 nucleation/growth events in two remote continental locations, Hyytiälä, Finland and Egbert, ON, Canada. Two independent methods are used to quantify the volatility of the growing nucleation mode: (1) modelling of the growing nucleation mode to determine which volatilities allow the model to reproduce observed growth, and (2) modelling of the evaporation of heated aerosols in a Volatility Differential Mobility Particle Sizer to determine which volatilities allow the model to reproduce the observed evaporation. We find that the average saturation vapor concentration (C*) in the freshly nucleated particles (once Dp > 3 nm) is likely less than 10−3–10−2 μg m−3 (this corresponds to 3 × 106−3 × 107 molecules cm−3 and a saturation vapor pressure of 10−8–10−7 Pa). This maximum volatility depends somewhat on other uncertain factors that affect the size-dependent condensation of secondary organic compounds such as the surface tension, mass accommodation coefficient and the volatility of the pre-existing aerosols. However, our tests suggest that under no reasonable assumptions can the SOA in the ultrafine particles contain a majority of compounds with C* > 10−2 μg m−3. We demonstrate that the growth could be driven by either gas-phase or particle-phase chemistry but cannot conclude which is responsible for the low-volatility SOA.

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