References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-8945-2011

Source apportionment of size and time resolved trace elements and organic aerosols from an urban courtyard site in Switzerland

Richard

¹ Gianini

M. F. D.

² Mohr

¹ Furger

¹ Bukowiecki

¹ Minguillón

M. C.

¹ ³ Lienemann

⁴ Flechsig

⁵ Appel

⁶ DeCarlo

P. F.

⁷ Heringa

M. F.

¹ Chirico

¹ ⁸ Baltensperger

¹ Prévôt

A. S. H.

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Wädenswil, Switzerland

Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, a Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association, Hamburg, Germany

AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow Hosted at the US EPA, Washington, DC, USA

Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), FIS-LAS, Frascati, Italy

02 09 2011

11 17 8945 8963

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8945/2011/acp-11-8945-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8945/2011/acp-11-8945-2011.pdf

Time and size resolved data of trace elements were obtained from measurements with a rotating drum impactor (RDI) and subsequent X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Trace elements can act as indicators for the identification of sources of particulate matter <10 μm (PM10) in ambient air. Receptor modeling was performed with positive matrix factorization (PMF) for trace element data from an urban background site in Zürich, Switzerland. Eight different sources were identified for the three examined size ranges (PM1−0.1, PM2.5−1 and PM10−2.5): secondary sulfate, wood combustion, fire works, road traffic, mineral dust, de-icing salt, industrial and local anthropogenic activities. The major component was secondary sulfate for the smallest size range; the road traffic factor was found in all three size ranges. This trace element analysis is complemented with data from an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), assessing the PM1 fraction of organic aerosols. A separate PMF analysis revealed three factors related to three of the sources found with the RDI: oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA, related to inorganic secondary sulfate), hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA, related to road traffic) and biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), explaining 60 %, 22 % and 17 % of total measured organics, respectively. Since different compounds are used for the source classification, a higher percentage of the ambient PM10 mass concentration can be apportioned to sources by the combination of both methods.

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