References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-8593-2011

Quantification of the carbonaceous matter origin in submicron marine aerosol by <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>14</sup>C isotope analysis

Ceburnis

¹ Garbaras

² Szidat

³ Rinaldi

⁴ Fahrni

³ Perron

⁵ ⁹ Wacker

⁶ Leinert

⁷ Remeikis

² Facchini

M. C.

⁴ Prevot

A. S. H.

⁵ Jennings

S. G.

¹ Ramonet

⁸ O'Dowd

C. D.

School of Physics and Centre for Climate {&} Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland

Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Physics, Vilnius, Lithuania

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Berne, Switzerland

Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council, Bologna, Italy

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland

Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology – ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Environmental Protection Agency of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France

now at: Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Lund, Sweden

23 08 2011

11 16 8593 8606

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8593/2011/acp-11-8593-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8593/2011/acp-11-8593-2011.pdf

Dual carbon isotope analysis of marine aerosol samples has been performed for the first time demonstrating a potential in organic matter apportionment between three principal sources: marine, terrestrial (non-fossil) and fossil fuel due to unique isotopic signatures. The results presented here, utilising combinations of dual carbon isotope analysis, provides conclusive evidence of a dominant biogenic organic fraction to organic aerosol over biologically active oceans. In particular, the NE Atlantic, which is also subjected to notable anthropogenic influences via pollution transport processes, was found to contain 80 % organic aerosol matter of biogenic origin directly linked to plankton emissions. The remaining carbonaceous aerosol was of terrestrial origin. By contrast, for polluted air advected out from Europe into the NE Atlantic, the source apportionment is 30 % marine biogenic, 40 % fossil fuel, and 30 % continental non-fossil fuel. The dominant marine organic aerosol source in the atmosphere has significant implications for climate change feedback processes.

References 1

Avery, G. B., Willey, J. D., and Kieber, R. J.: Carbon isotopic characterization of dissolved organic carbon in rainwater: Terrestrial and marine influences, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7539–7545, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.014doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.014, 2006.

Bakwin, P. S., Tans, P. P., White, J. W. C., and Andres, R. J.: Determination of the isotopic (C-13/C-12) discrimination by terrestrial biology from a global network of observations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 555–562, 1998.

Bauer, J. E., Druffel, E. R. M., Wolgast, D. M., and Griffin, S.: Temporal and regional variability in sources and cycling of DOC and POC in the northwest Atlantic continental shelf and slope, Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 49, 4387–4419, 2002.

Beaupre, S. R. and Druffel, E. R. M.: Constraining the propagation of bomb-radiocarbon through the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool in the northeast Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 56, 1717–1726, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.05.008doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2009.05.008, 2009.

Bentaleb, I., Fontugne, M., Descolas Gros, C., Girardin, C., Mariotti, A., Pierre, C., Brunet, C., and Poisson, A.: Organic carbon isotopic composition of phytoplankton and sea-surface $p$CO$_(2)$ reconstructions in the Southern Indian Ocean during the last 50,000 yr, Org. Geochem., 24, 399–410, 1996.

Benthien, A., Zondervan, I., Engel, A., Hefter, J., Terbruggen, A., and Riebesell, U.: Carbon isotopic fractionation during a mesocosm bloom experiment dominated by Emiliania huxleyi: Effects of CO2 concentration and primary production, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 1528–1541, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.12.015doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.12.015, 2007.

Biraud, S., Ciais, P., Ramonet, M., Simmonds, P., Kazan, V., Monfray, P., O'Doherty, S., Spain, T. G., and Jennings, S. G.: European greenhouse gas emissions estimated from continuous atmospheric measurements and radon 222 at Mace Head, Ireland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 1351–1366, 2000.

Blanchard, D. C.: Sea-to-air transport of surface active material, Science, 146, 396–397, 1964.

Cachier, H.: Isotopic characterization of carbonaceous aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 10, 379–385, 1989.

Carslaw, K. S., Boucher, O., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Rae, J. G. L., Woodward, S., and Kulmala, M.: A review of natural aerosol interactions and feedbacks within the Earth system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1701–1737, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-1701-2010, 2010.

Cavalli, F., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Emblico, L., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Yoon, Y. J., O'Dowd, C. D., Putaud, J. P., and Dell'Acqua, A.: Advances in characterization of size-resolved organic matter in marine aerosol over the North Atlantic, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D24215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005137doi:10.1029/2004jd005137, 2004.

Cavalli, F., Viana, M., Yttri, K. E., Genberg, J., and Putaud, J. P.: Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: the EUSAAR protocol, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 79–89, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-79-2010doi:10.5194/amt-3-79-2010, 2010.

Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655–661, 1987.

Chesselet, R., Fontugne, M., Buatmenard, P., Ezat, U., and Lambert, C. E.: The origin of particulate organic carbon in the marine atmosphere as indicated by its stable carbon isotopic composition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 345–348, 1981.

Currie, L. A.: Evolution and multidisciplinary frontiers of C-14 aerosol science, Radiocarbon, 42, 115–126, 2000.

Currie, L. A.: The remarkable metrological history of radiocarbon dating II, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., 109, 185–217, 2004.

Dall'Osto, M., Ceburnis, D., Martucci, G., Bialek, J., Dupuy, R., Jennings, S. G., Berresheim, H., Wenger, J., Healy, R., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Giulianelli, L., Finessi, E., Worsnop, D., Ehn, M., Mikkila, J., Kulmala, M., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Aerosol properties associated with air masses arriving into the North East Atlantic during the 2008 Mace Head EUCAARI intensive observing period: an overview, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8413–8435, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8413-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8413-2010, 2010.

Degens, E. T., Guillard, R. R., Sackett, W. M., and Hellebus, J. A.: Metabolic fractionation of carbon isotopes in marine plankton I. Temperature and respiration experiments, Deep-Sea Res., 15, 1–9, 1968.

Deuser, W. G.: Isotopic evidence for diminishing supply of available carbon during diatom bloom in Black-Sea, Nature, 225, 1069–1071, 1970.

Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: Description of the Hysplit_4 modeling system, NOAA Tech. Memo, ERL ARL-224, 24 pp., 1997.

Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Rinaldi, M., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Moretti, F., Tagliavini, E., Ceburnis, D., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Important Source of Marine Secondary Organic Aerosol from Biogenic Amines, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9116–9121, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/Es8018385doi:10.1021/Es8018385, 2008a.

Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Flanagan, R., Nilsson, E. D., de Leeuw, G., Martino, M., Woeltjen, J., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Primary submicron marine aerosol dominated by insoluble organic colloids and aggregates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L17814, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034210doi:10.1029/2008gl034210, 2008b.

Fisseha, R., Saurer, M., Jaggi, M., Szidat, S., Siegwolf, R. T. W., and Baltensperger, U.: Determination of stable carbon isotopes of organic acids and carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20, 2343–2347, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.2586doi:10.1002/rcm.2586, 2006.

Garbaras, A., Andriejauskien, J., Bariseviciute, R., and Remeikis, V.: Tracing of atmospheric aerosol sources using stable carbon isotopes, Lith. J. Phys., 48, 259–264, http://dx.doi.org/10.3952/lithjphys.48309doi:10.3952/lithjphys.48309, 2008.

Garbaras, A., Rimselyte, I., Kvietkus, K., and Remeikis, V.: Delta C-13 values in size-segregated atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols at a rural site in Lithuania, Lith. J. Phys., 49, 229–236, http://dx.doi.org/10.3952/lithjphys.49202doi:10.3952/lithjphys.49202, 2009.

Gelencser, A., May, B., Simpson, D., Sanchez-Ochoa, A., Kasper-Giebl, A., Puxbaum, H., Caseiro, A., Pio, C., and Legrand, M.: Source apportionment of PM2.5 organic aerosol over Europe: Primary/secondary, natural/anthropogenic, and fossil/biogenic origin, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D23S04, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd008094doi:10.1029/2006jd008094, 2007.

Gilardoni, S., Vignati, E., Cavalli, F., Putaud, J. P., Larsen, B. R., Karl, M., Stenstr�m, K., Genberg, J., Henne, S., and Dentener, F.: Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined $^14$C-macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5685–5700, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5685-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-5685-2011, 2011.

Gustafsson, O., Krusa, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engstrom, E., Praveen, P. S., Rao, P. S. P., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H.: Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel Combustion?, Science, 323, 495–498, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1164857doi:10.1126/science.1164857, 2009.

Heal, M. R., Naysmith, P., Cook, G. T., Xu, S., Duran, T. R., and Harrison, R. M.: Application of C$^-14$ analyses to source apportionment of carbonaceous PM$_2.5$ in the UK, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2341–2348, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.029doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.029, 2011.

Ho, K. F., Lee, S. C., Cao, J. J., Li, Y. S., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Fung, K.: Variability of organic and elemental carbon, water soluble organic carbon, and isotopes in Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4569–4576, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4569-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-4569-2006, 2006.

Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Fast, J. D., and Madronich, S.: Can 3-D models explain the observed fractions of fossil and non-fossil carbon in and near Mexico City?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10997–11016, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10997-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10997-2010, 2010.

Hoefs, J.: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 285 pp., 2009.

Hoffman, E. J. and Duce, R. A.: Organic-carbon in marine atmospheric particulate matter – concentration and particle-size distribution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 4, 449–452, 1977.

Huang, L., Brook, J. R., Zhang, W., Li, S. M., Graham, L., Ernst, D., Chivulescu, A., and Lu, G.: Stable isotope measurements of carbon fractions (OC/EC) in airborne particulate: A new dimension for source characterization and apportionment, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2690–2705, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.062doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.062, 2006.

Jennings, S. G., Kleefeld, C., O'Dowd, C. D., Junker, C., Spain, T. G., O'Brien, P., Roddy, A. F., and O'Connor, T. C.: Mace head atmospheric research station characterization of aerosol radiative parameters, Boreal Environ. Res., 8, 303–314, 2003.

Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353doi:10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.

Kanaya, Y., Komazaki, Y., Pochanart, P., Liu, Y., Akimoto, H., Gao, J., Wang, T., and Wang, Z.: Mass concentrations of black carbon measured by four instruments in the middle of Central East China in June 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7637–7649, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7637-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-7637-2008, 2008.

Kawamura, K. and Sakaguchi, F.: Molecular distributions of water soluble dicarboxylic acids in marine aerosols over the Pacific Ocean including tropics, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 3501–3509, 1999.

Kim, M. K., Kennicutt, M. C., and Qian, Y. R.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon purification procedures for compound specific isotope analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 6770–6776, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050577mdoi:10.1021/es050577m, 2005.

Lack, D. A., Cappa, C. D., Covert, D. S., Baynard, T., Massoli, P., Sierau, B., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., Lovejoy, E. R., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Bias in filter-based aerosol light absorption measurements due to organic aerosol loading: Evidence from ambient measurements, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 1033–1041, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820802389277doi:10.1080/02786820802389277, 2008.

Li, Q. A., Wang, W., Zhang, H. W., Wang, Y. J., Wang, B., Li, L., Li, H. J., Wang, B. J., Zhan, J., Wu, M., and Bi, X. H.: Development of a Compound-Specific Carbon Isotope Analysis Method for 2-Methyltetrols, Biomarkers for Secondary Organic Aerosols from Atmospheric Isoprene, Anal. Chem., 82, 6764–6769, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac100214pdoi:10.1021/ac100214p, 2010.

Loh, A. N., Bauer, J. E., and Druffel, E. R. M.: Variable ageing and storage of dissolved organic components in the open ocean, Nature, 430, 877–881, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02780doi:10.1038/nature02780, 2004.

Maberly, S. C., Raven, J. A., and Johnston, A. M.: Discrimination between C-12 and C-13 by marine plants, Oecologia, 91, 481–492, 1992.

McArdle, B. H.: The structural relationship – regression in biology, Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool., 66, 2329–2339, 1988.

Middlebrook, A. M., Murphy, D. M., and Thomson, D. S.: Observations of organic material in individual marine particles at Cape Grim during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 103, 16475–16483, 1998.

Miyazaki, Y., Kawamura, K., and Sawano, M.: Size distributions of organic nitrogen and carbon in remote marine aerosols: Evidence of marine biological origin based on their isotopic ratios, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl042483doi:10.1029/2010gl042483, 2010.

Mochida, M., Kitamori, Y., Kawamura, K., Nojiri, Y., and Suzuki, K.: Fatty acids in the marine atmosphere: Factors governing their concentrations and evaluation of organic films on sea-salt particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4325, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001278doi:10.1029/2001jd001278, 2002.

Narukawa, M., Kawamura, K., Li, S. M., and Bottenheim, J. W.: Stable carbon isotopic ratios and ionic composition of the high-Arctic aerosols: An increase in delta C-13 values from winter to spring, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D02312, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008755doi:10.1029/2007jd008755, 2008.

O'Connor, T. C., Jennings, S. G., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Highlights of fifty years of atmospheric aerosol research at Mace Head, Atmos. Res., 90, 338–355, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.08.014doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.08.014, 2008.

O'Dowd, C. D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Ceburnis, D., Mircea, M., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Yoon, Y. J., and Putaud, J. P.: Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol, Nature, 431, 676–680, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/Nature02959doi:10.1038/Nature02959, 2004.

Oppo, C., Bellandi, S., Innocenti, N. D., Stortini, A. M., Loglio, G., Schiavuta, E., and Cini, R.: Surfactant components of marine organic matter as agents for biogeochemical fractionation and pollutant transport via marine aerosols, Mar. Chem., 63, 235–253, 1999.

Ovadnevaite, J., O'Dowd, C., Dall'Osto, M., Ceburnis, D., Worsnop, D. R., and Berresheim, H.: Detecting high contributions of primary organic matter to marine aerosol: A case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02807, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046083doi:10.1029/2010gl046083, 2011.

Raymond, P. A.: The composition and transport of organic carbon in rainfall: Insights from the natural (C$^-13$ and C$^-14$) isotopes of carbon, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14402, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022879doi:10.1029/2005gl022879, 2005.

Rinaldi, M., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Carbone, C., Finessi, E., Mircea, M., Fuzzi, S., Ceburnis, D., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., de Leeuw, G., and O'Dowd, C. D.: On the representativeness of coastal aerosol studies to open ocean studies: Mace Head – a case study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9635–9646, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9635-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-9635-2009, 2009.

Rinaldi, M., Decesari, S., Finessi, E., Giulianelli, L., Carbone, C., Fuzzi, S., O'Dowd, C. D., Ceburnis, D., and Facchini, M. C.: Primary and secondary organic marine aerosol and oceanic biological activity: recent results and new perspectives for future studies, Adv. Meteorol., 310682, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/310682doi:10.1155/2010/310682, 2010.

Ruff, M., Wacker, L., Gaggeler, H. W., Suter, M., Synal, H. A., and Szidat, S.: A gas ion source for radiocarbon measurements at 200 kV, Radiocarbon, 49, 307–314, 2007.

Rumpel, C., Alexis, M., Chabbi, A., Chaplot, V., Rasse, D. P., Valentin, C., and Mariotti, A.: Black carbon contribution to soil organic matter composition in tropical sloping land under slash and burn agriculture, Geoderma, 130, 35–46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.007doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.01.007, 2006.

Russell, L. M., Hawkins, L. N., Frossard, A. A., Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S.: Carbohydrate-like composition of submicron atmospheric particles and their production from ocean bubble bursting, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 6652–6657, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908905107doi:10.1073/pnas.0908905107, 2010.

Sciare, J., Favez, O., Sarda-Esteve, R., Oikonomou, K., Cachier, H., and Kazan, V.: Long-term observations of carbonaceous aerosols in the Austral Ocean atmosphere: Evidence of a biogenic marine organic source, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D15302, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jd011998doi:10.1029/2009jd011998, 2009.

Shaw, G. E.: Bio-controlled thermostasis involving the sulfur cycle, Clim. Change, 5, 297–303, 1983.

Smith, B. N. and Epstein, S.: 2 categories of C-13/C-12 ratios for higher plants, Plant Physiol., 47, 380–384, 1971.

Stuiver, M. and Polach, H. A.: Reporting of C$^-14$ data – Discussion, Radiocarbon, 19, 355–363, 1977.

Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Gaggeler, H. W., Synal, H. A., Fisseha, R., Baltensperger, U., Kalberer, M., Samburova, V., Wacker, L., Saurer, M., Schwikowski, M., and Hajdas, I.: Source apportionment of aerosols by C$^-14$ measurements in different carbonaceous particle fractions, Radiocarbon, 46, 475–484, 2004.

Szidat, S., Jenk, T. M., Synal, H. A., Kalberer, M., Wacker, L., Hajdas, I., Kasper-Giebl, A., and Baltensperger, U.: Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by C$^-14$ , J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D07206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006590doi:10.1029/2005jd006590, 2006.

Szidat, S., Ruff, M., Perron, N., Wacker, L., Synal, H. A., Hallquist, M., Shannigrahi, A. S., Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., and Simpson, D.: Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Goteborg, Sweden, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521–1535, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1521-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1521-2009, 2009.

Turekian, V. C., Macko, S. A., and Keene, W. C.: Concentrations, isotopic compositions, and sources of size-resolved, particulate organic carbon and oxalate in near-surface marine air at Bermuda during spring, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4157, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002053doi:10.1029/2002jd002053, 2003.

Ulevicius, V., Bycenkiene, S., Remeikis, V., Garbaras, A., Kecorius, S., Andriejauskiene, J., Jasineviciene, D., and Mocnik, G.: Characterization of pollution events in the East Baltic region affected by regional biomass fire emissions, Atmos. Res., 98, 190–200, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.021doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.03.021, 2010.

Usdowski, E. and Hoefs, J.: C$^-13$/C$^-12$ fractionation during the chemical absorption of CO2 gas by the NH3-NH4CL buffer, Chem. Geol., 73, 79–85, 1988.

Wang, H. B. and Kawamura, K.: Stable carbon isotopic composition of low-molecular-weight dicarboxylic acids and ketoacids in remote marine aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D07304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006466doi:10.1029/2005jd006466, 2006.

Widory, D., Roy, S., Le Moullec, Y., Goupil, G., Cocherie, A., and Guerrot, C.: The origin of atmospheric particles in Paris: a view through carbon and lead isotopes, Atmos. Environ., 38, 953–961, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.001doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.001, 2004.

Williams, P. M. and Gordon, L. I.: C-13-C-12 ratios in dissolved and particulate organic matter in sea, Deep-Sea Res., 17, 19–27, 1970.

Yoon, Y. J., Ceburnis, D., Cavalli, F., Jourdan, O., Putaud, J. P., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Fuzzi, S., Sellegri, K., Jennings, S. G., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Seasonal characteristics of the physicochemical properties of North Atlantic marine atmospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D04206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd007044doi:10.1029/2005jd007044, 2007.

Zhang, L. W., Bai, Z. P., You, Y., Wu, J. H., Feng, Y. C., and Zhu, T.: Chemical and stable carbon isotopic characterization for PAHs in aerosol emitted from two indoor sources, Chemosphere, 75, 453–461, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.063doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.063, 2009.