<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-11-8385-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Estimating fusion properties for functionalised acids</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Compernolle</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ceulemans</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Müller</surname>
<given-names>J.-F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Belgian Institute for Space-aeronomy, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>17</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>16</issue>
<fpage>8385</fpage>
<lpage>8394</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8385/2011/acp-11-8385-2011.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8385/2011/acp-11-8385-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8385/2011/acp-11-8385-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/8385/2011/acp-11-8385-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Multicomponent organic aerosol (OA) is likely to be liquid, or partially
liquid. Hence, to describe the partitioning of these components, their
liquid vapour pressure is desired. Functionalised acids (e.g. diacids)
can be a significant part of OA. But often measurements are available
only for solid state vapour pressure, which can differ by orders of
magnitude from their liquid counterparts. To convert such a sublimation
pressure to a subcooled liquid vapour pressure, fusion properties
(two out of these three quantities: fusion enthalpy, fusion entropy,
fusion temperature) are required. Unfortunately, experimental knowledge
of fusion properties is sometimes missing in part or completely, hence
an estimation method is required. Several fusion data estimation methods
are tested here against experimental data of functionalised acids,
and a simple estimation method is developed, specifically for this
family of compounds, with a significantly smaller estimation error
than the literature methods.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Acree, W J. and Chickos, J S.: Phase transition enthalpy measurements of organic and organometallic compounds. Sublimation, vaporization and fusion enthalpies from 1880 to 2010, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 39, 043 101, 1–942, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Aldrich: Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals, Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Apelblat, A. and Manzurola, E.: Solubility of oxalic, malonic, succinic, adipic, maleic, malic, citric, and tartaric acids in water from 278.15 to 338.15 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 19, 317–320, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Apelblat, A. and Manzurola, E.: Solubility of suberic, azelaic, levulinic, glycolic, and diglycolic acids in water from 278.25 K to 361.35 K, J. Chem. Thermodyn., 22, 289–292, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Arshadi,~M R.: Determination of heats of sublimation of organic compounds by a~mass spectrometric-knudsen effusion method, J Chem. Soc. Faraday~T., 1, 1569–1571, 1974. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baboukas,~E D., Kanakidou,~M., and Mihalopoulos,~N.: Carboxylic acids in gas and particulate phase above the Atlantic Ocean, J Geophys. Res., 105, 14459–14472, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900977doi:10.1029/1999JD900977, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bilde,~M. and Pandis,~S N.: Evaporation rates and vapor pressures of individual aerosol species formed in the atmospheric \mboxoxidation of α- and β-pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3344–3349, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bilde,~M., Svenningsson,~B., Monster,~J., and Rosenorn,~T.: Even-odd alternation of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of \chemC_3–\chemC_9 dicarboxylic acid aerosols, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 1371–1378, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Booth,~A M., Barley,~M H., Topping,~D O., McFiggans,~G., Garforth,~A., and Percival,~C J.: Solid state and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures of substituted dicarboxylic acids using Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4879–4892, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4879-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4879-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Booth,~A M., Montague,~W J., Barley,~M H., Topping,~D O., McFiggans,~G., Garforth,~A., and Percival,~C J.: Solid state and sub-cooled liquid vapour pressures of cyclic aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 655–665, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-655-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-655-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bradley,~R S. and Cotson,~S.: The vapour pressure and lattice energy of hydrogen-bonded crystals, Part II, α- and β-anhydrous oxalic acid and tetragonal pentaerythritol, J Chem. Soc., 1684–1688, 1953. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cappa,~C D., Lovejoy,~E R., and Ravishankara,~A R.: Determination of evaporation rates and vapor pressures of very low volatility compounds: a~study of the C4–C10 and C12 dicarboxylic acids, J Phys. Chem A, 111, 3099–3109, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cappa,~C D., Lovejoy,~E R., and Ravishankara,~A R.: Evaporation rates and vapor pressures of the even-numbered C8–C18 monocarboxylic acids, J Phys. Chem A, 112, 3959–3964, 2008a.%Titel/chem. Schreibweise vom Original übernommen </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cappa,~C D., Lovejoy,~E R., and Ravishankara,~A R.: Evidence for liquid-like and nonideal behavior of a~mixture of organic aerosol components, P Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 18687–18691, 2008b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chickos, J S.: Enthalpies of vaporization of organic and organometallic compounds, 1880–2002, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 32, 519–878, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chickos, J S. and Nichols, G.: Simple relationships for the estimation of melting temperatures of homologous series, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, 562–573, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Claeys,~M., Szmigielski,~R., Kourtchev,~I., Van~der Veken,~P., Vermeylen,~R., Maenhaut,~W., Jaoui,~M., Kleindienst,~T E., Lewandowski,~M., Offenberg,~J H., and Edney,~E O.: Hydroxydicarboxylic acids: markers for secondary organic aerosol from the photooxidation of alpha-pinene, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1628–1634, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dannenfelser,~R.-M. and Yalkowsky,~S H.: Estimation of entropy of melting from molecular structure: a~non-group contribution method, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 1483–1486, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fredenslund, A., Jones, R L., and Prausnitz, J M.: Group-contribution estimation of activity-coefficients in nonideal liquid-mixtures, AIChE J., 21, 1086–1099, 1975. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Frosch,~M., Zardini,~A A., Platt,~S M., Müller,~L., Reinnig,~M.-C., Hoffmann,~T., and Bilde,~M.: Thermodynamic properties and cloud droplet activation of a series of oxo-acids, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5873–5890, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5873-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5873-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grant, D., Mehdizadeh, M., Chow, A.-L., and Fairbrother, J.: Non-linear van&apos;t Hoff solubility-temperature plots and their pharmaceutical interpretation, Int. J. Pharm., 18, 25–38, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hansen,~H K., Rasmussen,~P., Fredenslund,~A., Schiller,~M., and Gmehling,~J.: Vapor-liquid-equilibria by unifac group contribution, 5, Revision and extension, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 30, 2352–2355, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jain,~A., Yang,~G., and Yalkowsky,~S H.: Estimation of total entropy of melting of organic compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 4376–4379, 2004a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jain,~A., Yang,~G., and Yalkowsky,~S H.: Estimation of melting points of organic compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 7618–7621, 2004b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Joback,~K. and Reid,~R.: Estimation of pure-component properties from group-contributions, Chem. Eng. Commun., 57, 233–243, 1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Koponen,~I K., Riipinen,~I., Hienola,~A., Kulmala,~M., and Bilde,~M.: Thermodynamic properties of malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids: evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 3926–3933, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lide, D R (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, 80~edn., 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Limbeck,~A., Puxbaum,~H., Otter,~L., and Scholes,~M C.: Semivolatile behavior of dicarboxylic acids and other polar organic species at a~rural background site (Nylsvley, RSA), Atmos. Environ., 35, 1853–1862, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Linstrom, P. and Mallard, W (Eds.): NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/, last access: 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Marrero,~J. and Gani,~R.: Group-contribution based estimation of pure component properties, Fluid Phase Equilibr., 183/184, 183–208, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Monster,~J., Rosenorn,~T., Svenningsson,~B., and Bilde,~M.: Evaporation of methyl- and dimethyl-substituted malonic, succinic, glutaric and adipic acid particles at ambient temperatures, J Aerosol Sci., 35, 1453–1465, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Myrdal,~P B. and Yalkowsky,~S H.: Estimating pure component vapor pressures of complex organic molecules, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 36, 2494–2499, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Myrdal,~P B., Krzyzaniak,~J F., and Yalkowsky,~S H.: Modified Trouton&apos;s rule for predicting the entropy of boiling, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35, 1788–1792, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Neau, S H., Bhandarkar, S V., and Hellmuth, E W.: Differential molar heat capacities to test ideal solubility estimations, Pharm. Res., 14, 601–605, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Peng,~C., Chan,~M N., and Chan,~C K.: The hygroscopic properties of dicarboxylic and multifunctional acids: measurements and UNIFAC predictions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4495–4501, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pope,~F D., Tong,~H.-J., Dennis-Smither,~B J., Griffiths,~P T., Clegg,~S L., Reid,~J P., and Cox,~R A.: Studies of single aerosol particles containing malonic acid, glutaric acid, and their mixtures with sodium chloride, II, Liquid-state vapor pressures of the acids, J Phys. Chem A, 114, 10156–10165, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Prausnitz,~J M., Lichtenthaler,~R N., and de~Azevedo,~E G.: Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 3rd edn., Prentice-Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 07458, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Raatikainen, T. and Laaksonen, A.: Application of several activity coefficient models to water-organic-electrolyte aerosols of atmospheric interest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2475–2495, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ribeiro~da Silva,~M A V., Monte,~M J S., and Ribeiro,~J R.: Standard enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs functions of sublimation of four alkyl-substituted malonic acids, J Chem. Eng. Data, 45, 756–759, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ribeiro~da Silva,~M A V., Monte,~M J S., and Ribeiro,~J R.: Thermodynamic study on the sublimation of succinic acid and of methyl- and dimethyl-substituted succinic and glutaric acids, J Chem. Thermodyn., 33, 23–31, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riipinen, I., Svenningsson, B., Bilde, M., Gaman, A., Lehtinen, K., and Kulmala, M.: A method for determining thermophysical properties of organic material in aqueous solutions: Succinic acid, Atmos. Res., 82, 579–590, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riipinen,~I., Koponen,~I., Frank,~G., Hyvarinen,~A.-P., Vanhanen,~J., Lihavainen,~H., Lehtinen,~K., Bilde,~M., and Kulmala,~M.: Adipic and malonic acid aqueous solutions: surface tensions and saturation vapor pressures, J Phys. Chem A, 111, 12995–13002, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Roux,~M V., Temprado,~M., and Chickos,~J S.: Vaporization, fusion and sublimation enthalpies of the dicarboxylic acids from \chemC_4 to \chemC_14 and \chemC_16, J Chem. Thermodyn., 37, 941–953, 2005.%Titel/chem. Schreibweise vom Original übernommen </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Salo,~K., Jonsson,~Å M., Andersson,~P U., and Hallquist,~M.: Aerosol volatility and enthalpy of sublimation of carboxylic acids, J Phys. Chem A, 114, 4586–4594, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Soonsin, V., Zardini, A A., Marcolli, C., Zuend, A., and Krieger, U K.: The vapor pressures and activities of dicarboxylic acids reconsidered: the impact of the physical state of the aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11753–11767, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11753-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11753-2010, 2010. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stein,~S E. and Brown,~R L.: Estimation of normal boiling points from group contributions, J Chem. Inf. Comp. Sci., 34, 581–587, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thalladi,~V R., Nüsse,~M., and Boese,~R.: The melting point alternation in $\alpha,\omega$-alkanedicarboxylic acids, J Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 9227–9236, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tsonopoulos, C.: Properties of Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Organic Solutes, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, CA, USA, 1970. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Walters, W P. and Yalkowsky, S H.: ESCHERA Computer Program for the Determination of External Rotational Symmetry Numbers from Molecular Topology, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 36, 1015–1017, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Yu,~J., Cocker,~D R., Griffin,~R J., Flagan,~R C., and Seinfeld,~J H.: Gas-phase ozone oxidation of monoterpenes: gaseous and particulate products, J Atmos. Chem., 34, 207–258, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zardini,~A A., Krieger,~U K., and Marcolli,~C.: White light Mie resonance spectroscopy used to measure very low vapor pressures of substances in aqueous solution aerosol particles, Opt. Express, 14, 6951–6962, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Zhao,~L. and Yalkowsky,~S H.: A~combined group contribution and molecular geometry approach for predicting melting points of aliphatic compounds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 3581–3584, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>