ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-7955-2011 Lake breezes in the southern Great Lakes region and their influence during BAQS-Met 2007 Sills D. M. L. 1 Brook J. R. 2 Levy I. 2 Makar P. A. 2 Zhang J. 2 Taylor P. A. 3 Cloud Physics and Severe Weather Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 05 08 2011 11 15 7955 7973 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/7955/2011/acp-11-7955-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/7955/2011/acp-11-7955-2011.pdf

Meteorological observations from the BAQS-Met field experiment during the summer months of 2007 were integrated and manually analyzed in order to identify and characterize lake breezes in the southern Great Lakes region of North America, and assess their potential impact on air quality. Lake breezes occurred frequently, with one or more lake breezes identified on 90 % of study days. They affected all parts of the study region, including southwestern Ontario and nearby portions of southeast Lower Michigan and northern Ohio, with lake-breeze fronts occasionally penetrating from 100 km to over 200 km inland. Occurrence rates and penetration distances were found to be higher than previously reported in the literature. This comprehensive depiction of observed lake breezes allows an improved understanding of their influence on the transport, dispersion, and production of pollutants in this region. <br><br> The observational analyses were compared with output from subsequent runs of a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model. The model accurately predicted lake breeze occurrence and type in a variety of synoptic wind regimes, but selected cases showed substantial differences in the detailed timing and location of lake-breeze fronts, and with the initiation of deep moist convection. Knowledge of such strengths and weaknesses aids in the interpretation of results from air quality models driven by this meteorological model.

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