ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-7515-2011 CO source contribution analysis for California during ARCTAS-CARB Pfister G. G. 1 Avise J. 2 Wiedinmyer C. 1 Edwards D. P. 1 Emmons L. K. 1 Diskin G. D. 3 Podolske J. 4 Wisthaler A. 5 Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA Chemistry and Dynamics Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA Institute for Ion Physics & Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria 01 08 2011 11 15 7515 7532 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/7515/2011/acp-11-7515-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/7515/2011/acp-11-7515-2011.pdf

Air pollution is of concern in many parts of California and is impacted by both local emissions and also by pollution inflow from the North Pacific Ocean. In this study, we use the regional chemical transport model WRF-Chem V3.2 together with the global Model for OZone and Related Chemical Tracers to examine the CO budget over California. We include model CO tracers for different emission sources in the models, which allow estimation of the relative importance of local sources versus pollution inflow on the distribution of CO at the surface and in the free troposphere. The focus of our study is on the 15 June–15 July 2008 time period, which coincides with the aircraft deployment of the NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission over California. Model simulations are evaluated using these aircraft observations as well as satellite retrievals and surface observations of CO. <br><br> Evaluation results show that the model overall predicts the observed CO fields well, but points towards an underestimate of CO from the fires in Northern California, which had a strong influence during the study period, and towards a slight overestimate of CO from pollution inflow and local anthropogenic sources. The analysis of the CO budget over California reveals that inflow of CO explains on average 99 &plusmn; 11 ppbV of surface CO during the study period, compared to 61 &plusmn; 95 ppbV for local anthropogenic direct emissions of CO and 84 &plusmn; 194 ppbV for fires. In the free troposphere, the average CO contributions are estimated as 96 &plusmn; 7 ppbV for CO inflow, 8 &plusmn; 9 ppbV for CO from local anthropogenic sources and 18 &plusmn; 13 ppbV for CO from fires. Accounting for the low bias in the CO fire emission inventory, the fire impact during the study period might have been up to a factor 4 higher than the given estimates.

 References % vor jede Referenz Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011. Arellano, A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio L., van der Werf, G. R., and Randerson, J. T.: Top-down estimates of global CO sources using MOPITT measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L01104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018609doi:10.1029/2003GL018609, 2004. Arellano, A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., and Collatz, G. J.: Time-dependent inversion estimates of global biomass-burning CO emissions using Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006613doi:10.1029/2005JD006613, 2006. Bey, I., Jacob, D. J. , Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D. , Fiore, A. M., Li, Q. , Liu, H. Y., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23073–23095, 2001. Bougeault, P. and Lacarrere, P.: Parameterisation of Orography-Induced Turbulence in a Mesobeta-Scale Model, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 1872–1890, 1989. Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S. Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N, Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A, Higurashi, J., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and sunphotometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci. 59, 461–483, 2002. Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Emmons, L. K., Francis, G., Ho, S.-P., Mao, D., Masters, D., Worden, H., Drummond, J. R., and Novelli, P. C.: The MOPITT version 4 CO product: Algorithm enhancements, validation, and long-term stability, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D07306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013005doi:10.1029/2009JD013005, 2010. Diskin, G. S., Podolske, J. R., Sachse, G. W., and Slate, T. A.: Open-Path Airborne Tunable 15 Diode Laser Hygrometer, in Diode Lasers and Applications in: Atmospheric Sensing, SPIE Proceedings 4817, edited by: Fried, A., 196–204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.453736doi:10.1117/12.453736, 2002. Duncan, B. N., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Novelli, P. C., Jones, N. B., and Rinsland, C. P.: Global budget of CO, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008459doi:10.1029/2007JD008459, 2007. Ek, M. B., Mitchell, K. E. Lin, Y., Rogers, E., Grunmann, P., Koren, V., Gayno, G., and Tarpley, J. D.: Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D22), 8851, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003296doi:10.1029/2002JD003296, 2003. Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43–67, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010doi:10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010. Fiore, A. M., Dentener, F. J., Wild, O., Cuvelier, C., Schultz, M. G., Hess, P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., Doherty, R. M., Horowitz, L. W., MacKenzie, I. A., Sanderson, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Steven- son, D. S., Szopa, S., Van Dingenen, R., Zeng, G., Atherton, C., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Carmichael, G., Collins, W. J., Duncan, B. N., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hauglustaine, D., Holloway, T., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jacob, D. J., Jonson, J. E., Kaminski, J. W., Keating, T. J., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Montanaro, V., Park, R. J., Pitari, G., Pringle, K. J., Pyle, J. A., Schroeder, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wind, P., Wojcik, G., Wu, S., and Zuber, A.: Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source- receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D04301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010816doi:10.1029/2008JD010816, 2009. Freitas, S. R., Longo, K. M., Chatfield, R., Latham, D., Silva Dias, M. A. F., Andreae, M. O., Prins, E., Santos, J. C., Gielow, R., and Carvalho Jr., J. A.: Including the sub-grid scale plume rise of vegetation fires in low resolution atmospheric transport models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3385–3398, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-3385-2007, 2007. Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., and Huang, X.: MODIS collection 5 global land cover: algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 114(1), 168–182, 2010. Fritz, S., Bartholomé, E., Belward, A., Hartley, A., Stibig H. J., Eva, H., Mayaux, P., Bartalev, S., Latifovic, R., Kolmert, S., Roy, P., Agrawal, S., Bingfang, W., Wenting, X., Ledwith, M., Pekel, F.J., Giri, C., Mücher, S., de Badts, E., Tateishi, R., Champeaux, J.-L., and Defourny, P.: Harmonization, mosaicing, and production of the Global Land Cover 2000 database, Ispra, Italy, Joint Research Center (JRC), 2003. Granier, C., Mueller, J. F., Petron, G., and Brasseur, G.: A three dimensional study of the global CO budget, Glob. Change Sci., 1, 255–261, 1999. Granier, C., Petron, G., Muller, J.-F., and Brasseur, G.: The impact of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons on the tropospheric budget of carbon monoxide, Atmos. Environ., 34, 5255–5270, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00299-5doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00299-5, 2000. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled online chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, 2005. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J, Jones, D. B. A., Palmer, P. I., Logan, J. A., Streets, D. G., Sachse, G. W., Gille, J. C., Hoffman, R. N., and Nehrkorn, T.: Comparative inverse analysis of satellite (MOPITT) and aircraft (TRACE-P) observations to estimate Asian sources of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S04, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005185doi:10.1029/2004JD005185, 2004. Holzer, M. and Hall, T. M.: Low-level transpacific transport, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09103, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007828doi:10.1029/2006JD007828, 2007. Horowitz, L. W., Walters, S., and Mauzarall, D. L.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4784, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002853doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003. Huang, M., Carmichael, G. R., Adhikary, B., Spak, S. N., Kulkarni, S., Cheng, Y. F., Wei, C., Tang, Y., Parrish, D. D., Oltmans, S. J., D'Allura, A., Kaduwela, A., Cai, C., Weinheimer, A. J., Wong, M., Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J. A., Streets, D. G., and Zhang, Q.: Impacts of transported background ozone on California air quality during the ARCTAS-CARB period – a multi-scale modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6947–6968, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6947-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-6947-2010, 2010. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Emmons, L. K., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., and Fisher, J. A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191–5212, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010. Kopacz, M., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Logan, J. A., Zhang, L., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Singh, K., Henze, D. K., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Khlystova, I., McMillan, W. W., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Eldering, A., Thouret, V., and Nedelec, P.: Global estimates of CO sources with high resolution by adjoint inversion of multiple satellite datasets (MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, TES), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 855–876, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-855-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-855-2010, 2010. Li, Q., Jacob, D. J., Bey, I., Palmer, P. I., Duncan, B. N., Field, B. D., Martin, R. V., Fiore, A. M., Yantosca, R. M., Parrish, D. D., Sim- monds, P. G., and Oltmans, S. J.: Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D13), 4166, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001422doi:10.1029/2001JD001422, 2002. Liang, Q., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D. A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Heckman, A., and Snow, J. A.: Long-range transport of Asian pollutionto the northeast Pacific: Seasonal variations and transport pathways of carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S07, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004402doi:10.1029/2003JD004402, 2004. Liu, J., Mauzerall, D. L., and Horowitz, L. W.: Source-receptor relationships between East Asian sulfur dioxide emissions and Northern Hemisphere sulfate concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3721–3733, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3721-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-3721-2008, 2008. Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Jones, D. B. A., Heald, C. L., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Sachse, G. W., and Streets, D. G.: Inverting for emissions of carbon monoxide from Asia using aircraft observations over the western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D21), 4180, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003397doi:10.1029/2003JD003397, 2003. Parrish, D. D., Aikin, K. C., Oltmans, S. J., Johnson, B. J., Ives, M., and Sweeny, C.: Impact of transported background ozone inflow on summertime air quality in a California ozone exceedance area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10093–10109, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10093-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10093-2010, 2010. Pétron, G., Granier, C. Khattatov, B. Yudin, V. Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L., Gille, J., and Edwards, D. P.: Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000–2001 MOPITT satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21107, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020560doi:10.1029/2004GL020560, 2004. Pfister, G., Petron, G., Emmons, L. K., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Lamarque, J.-F., Attie, J.-L., Granier, C., and Novelli, P. C.: Evaluation of CO simulations and the analysis of the CO budget for Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004691doi:10.1029/2004JD004691, 2004. Pfister, G., Hess, P. G., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J.-F., Wiedinmyer, C., Edwards, D. P., Petron, G., Gille, J. C., and Sachse, G. W.: Constraints on Emissions for the Alaskan Wildfires 2004 using Data Assimilation and Inverse Modeling of MOPITT CO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(11), L11809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022995doi:10.1029/2005GL022995, 2005. Pfister, G. G., Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Arellano, A., G Sachse, and Campos, T.: Variability of springtime transpacific pollution transport during 2000–2006: the INTEX-B mission in the context of previous years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1345–1359, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1345-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-1345-2010, 2010. Pfister, G. G., Parrish, D. D., Worden, H., Emmons, L. K., Edwards, D. P., Wiedinmyer, C., Diskin, G. S., Huey, G., Oltmans, S. J., Thouret, V., Weinheimer, A., and Wisthaler, A.: Characterizing summertime chemical boundary conditions for airmasses entering the US West Coast, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1769–1790, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1769-2011, 2011. Provencal, R., Gupta, M., Owano, T. G, Baer, D. S., Ricci, K. N., O'Keefe, A., and Podolske, J. R.: Cavity-enhanced quantum-cascade laser-based instrument for carbon monoxide measurements, Appl. Opt., 44, 6712–6717, 2005. Reidmiller, D. R., Fiore, A. M., Jaffe, D. A., Bergmann, D., Cuvelier, C., Dentener, F. J., Duncan, B. N., Folberth, G., Gauss, M., Gong, S., Hess, P., Jonson, J. E., Keating, T., Lupu, A., Marmer, E., Park, R., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D. T., Szopa, S., Vivanco, M. G., Wild, O., and Zuber, A.: The influence of foreign vs. North American emissions on surface ozone in the US, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5027–5042, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5027-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5027-2009, 2009. Sachse, G. W., Hill, G. F., Wade, L. O., and Perry, M. G.: Fast response, high precision carbon monoxide sensor using a tunable diode laser absorption technique, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2071–2081, 1987. Staudt, A. C., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Bachiochi, D., Krishnamurti, T. N., and Sachse, G. W.: Continental sources, transoceanic transport, and interhemispheric exchange of carbon monoxide over the Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D23), 32571–32590, 2001. Stohl, A., Eckhardt, S., Forster, C., James, P., and Spichtinger, N.: On the pathways and timescales of intercontinental air pollution transport, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4684, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001396doi:10.1029/2001JD001396, 2002. Warneck, P.: Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, 927 pp., Academic, San Diego, CA, 2000. Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Stohl, A., Cooper, O. R., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Holloway, J. S., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., McKeen, S. A., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Atlas, E. L., Donnelly, S. G., Strout, V., Lueb, A., and Kato, S.: Biomass burning and anthropogenic sources of CO over New England in the summer 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S15, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006878doi:10.1029/2005JD006878, 2006. Wiedinmyer, C., Quayle, B., Geron, C., Belote, A., McKenzie, D., Zhang, X., O'Neill, S., and Wynne, K. K.: Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality monitoring, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3419–3432, 2006. Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Emmons, L. K., Al-Saadi, J. A., Orlando, J. J., and Soja, A. J.: The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 625–641, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011doi:10.5194/gmd-4-625-2011, 2011. Yashiro, H., Sugawara, S., Sudo, K., Aoki, S., and Nakazawa, T.: Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide over the western part of the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010876doi:10.1029/2008jd010876, 2009.