References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-6809-2011

Black carbon in the atmosphere and snow, from pre-industrial times until present

Skeie

R. B.

¹ Berntsen

¹ ² Myhre

¹ Pedersen

C. A.

³ Ström

³ Gerland

³ Ogren

J. A.

⁴

Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

The Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway

Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado, USA

18 07 2011

11 14 6809 6836

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/6809/2011/acp-11-6809-2011.pdf

The distribution of black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere and the deposition of BC on snow surfaces since pre-industrial time until present are modelled with the Oslo CTM2 model. The model results are compared with observations including recent measurements of BC in snow in the Arctic. The global mean burden of BC from fossil fuel and biofuel sources increased during two periods. The first period, until 1920, is related to increases in emissions in North America and Europe, and the last period after 1970 are related mainly to increasing emissions in East Asia. Although the global burden of BC from fossil fuel and biofuel increases, in the Arctic the maximum atmospheric BC burden as well as in the snow was reached in 1960s, with a slight reduction thereafter. The global mean burden of BC from open biomass burning sources has not changed significantly since 1900. With current inventories of emissions from open biomass sources, the modelled burden of BC in snow and in the atmosphere north of 65° N is small compared to the BC burden of fossil fuel and biofuel origin. From the concentration changes radiative forcing time series due to the direct aerosol effect as well as the snow-albedo effect is calculated for BC from fossil fuel and biofuel. The calculated radiative forcing in 2000 for the direct aerosol effect is 0.35 W m<sup>−2</sup> and for the snow-albedo effect 0.016 W m<sup>−2</sup> in this study. Due to a southward shift in the emissions there is an increase in the lifetime of BC as well as an increase in normalized radiative forcing, giving a change in forcing per unit of emissions of 26 % since 1950.

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