References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-6639-2011

Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: comparison of simple and complex representations of the volatility basis set approach

Shrivastava

¹ Fast

¹ Easter

¹ Gustafson Jr.

W. I.

¹ Zaveri

R. A.

¹ Jimenez

J. L.

² Saide

³ Hodzic

⁴

Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

13 07 2011

11 13 6639 6662

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/6639/2011/acp-11-6639-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/6639/2011/acp-11-6639-2011.pdf

The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) is modified to include a volatility basis set (VBS) treatment of secondary organic aerosol formation. The VBS approach, coupled with SAPRC-99 gas-phase chemistry mechanism, is used to model gas-particle partitioning and multiple generations of gas-phase oxidation of organic vapors. In addition to the detailed 9-species VBS, a simplified mechanism using 2 volatility species (2-species VBS) is developed and tested for similarity to the 9-species VBS in terms of both mass and oxygen-to-carbon ratios of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. WRF-Chem results are evaluated against field measurements of organic aerosols collected during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign in the vicinity of Mexico City. The simplified 2-species mechanism reduces the computational cost by a factor of 2 as compared to 9-species VBS. Both ground site and aircraft measurements suggest that the 9-species and 2-species VBS predictions of total organic aerosol mass as well as individual organic aerosol components including primary, secondary, and biomass burning are comparable in magnitude. In addition, oxygen-to-carbon ratio predictions from both approaches agree within 25 %, providing evidence that the 2-species VBS is well suited to represent the complex evolution of organic aerosols. Model sensitivity to amount of anthropogenic semi-volatile and intermediate volatility (S/IVOC) precursor emissions is also examined by doubling the default emissions. Both the emission cases significantly under-predict primary organic aerosols in the city center and along aircraft flight transects. Secondary organic aerosols are predicted reasonably well along flight tracks surrounding the city, but are consistently over-predicted downwind of the city. Also, oxygen-to-carbon ratio predictions are significantly improved compared to prior studies by adding 15 % oxygen mass per generation of oxidation; however, all modeling cases still under-predict these ratios downwind as compared to measurements, suggesting a need to further improve chemistry parameterizations of secondary organic aerosol formation.

References 1

Aiken, A. C., Decarlo, P. F., Kroll, J. H., Worsnop, D. R., Huffman, J. A., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Mohr, C., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Ziemann, P. J., Canagaratna, M. R., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Metzger, A., Baltensperger, U., and Jimenez, J. L.: O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4478–4485, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703009qdoi:10.1021/es703009q, 2008.

Aiken, A. C., Salcedo, D., Cubison, M. J., Huffman, J. A., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Docherty, K. S., Sueper, D., Kimmel, J. R., Worsnop, D. R., Trimborn, A., Northway, M., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Volkamer, R. M., Fortner, E., de Foy, B., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Gaffney, J., Marley, N. A., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico City aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) - Part 1: Fine particle composition and organic source apportionment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6633–6653, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6633-2009, 2009.

Aiken, A. C., de Foy, B., Wiedinmyer, C., DeCarlo, P. F., Ulbrich, I. M., Wehrli, M. N., Szidat, S., Prevot, A. S. H., Noda, J., Wacker, L., Volkamer, R., Fortner, E., Wang, J., Laskin, A., Shutthanandan, V., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Paredes-Miranda, G., Arnott, W. P., Molina, L. T., Sosa, G., Querol, X., and Jimenez, J. L.: Mexico city aerosol analysis during MILAGRO using high resolution aerosol mass spectrometry at the urban supersite (T0) – Part 2: Analysis of the biomass burning contribution and the non-fossil carbon fraction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5315–5341, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5315-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5315-2010, 2010.

Akagi, S. K., Yokelson, R. J., Wiedinmyer, C., Alvarado, M. J., Reid, J. S., Karl, T., Crounse, J. D., and Wennberg, P. O.: Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4039–4072, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-4039-2011, 2011.

Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Glob. Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, 2001.

Capouet, M., Mueller, J. F., Ceulemans, K., Compernolle, S., Vereecken, L., and Peeters, J.: Modeling aerosol formation in alpha-pinene photo-oxidation experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D02308 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008995doi:10.1029/2007jd008995, 2008.

Cappa, C. D. and Jimenez, J. L.: Quantitative estimates of the volatility of ambient organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5409–5424, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5409-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5409-2010, 20doi:10.

Carlton, A. G., Bhave, P. V., Napelenok, S. L., Edney, E. O., Sarwar, G., Pinder, R. W., Pouliot, G. A., and Houyoux, M.: Model Representation of Secondary Organic Aerosol in CMAQv4.7, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(22), 8553–8560, 2010.

Carter, W.P.L.: Documentation of the SAPRC-99 Chemical Mechanism for VOC Reactivity Assessment, Draft report to the California Air Resources Board, Contracts 92–329 and 95–308, 8 May, available at: http://www.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/absts.htm#saprc99, 2000a.

Carter, W.P.L.: Implementation of the SAPRC-99 Chemical Mechanism into the Models-3 Framework, Report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, 29 January, available at: http://www.cert.ucr.edu/~carter/absts.htm#s99mod3, 2000b.

Crounse, J. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Blake, D. R., Emmons, L. K., Campos, T. L., Apel, E. C., Clarke, A. D., Weinheimer, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Yokelson, R. J., Jimenez, J. L., and Wennberg, P. O.: Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4929–4944, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4929-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-4929-2009, 2009.

Damian, V., Sandu, A., Damian, M., Potra, F., and Carmichael, G. R.: The kinetic preprocessor KPP – a software environment for solving chemical kinetics, Comput. Chem. Eng., 26, 1567–1579, 2002.

de Gouw, J. A., Middlebrook, A. M., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Roberts, J. M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Worsnop, D. R., Canagaratna, M. R., Pszenny, A. A. P., Keene, W. C., Marchewka, M., Bertman, S. B., and Bates, T. S.: Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D16305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005623doi:10.1029/2004jd005623, 2005.

DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027–4048, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4027-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-4027-2008, 2008.

Donahue, N. M., Robinson, A. L., Stanier, C. O., and Pandis, S. N.: Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2635–2643, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es052297cdoi:10.1021/es052297c, 2006.

%Dusanter, S., Vimal, D., Stevens, P. S., Volkamer, R., and Molina, L. T.: %Measurements of \rm OH and HO<sub>2</sub> concentrations during the MCMA-2006 field %campaign - Part 1: Deployment of the Indiana University laser-induced %fluorescence instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1665-1685, 2009. Dusanter, S., Vimal, D., Stevens, P. S., Volkamer, R., and Molina, L. T.: Measurements of OH and HO2 concentrations during the MCMA-2006 field campaign - Part 1: Deployment of the Indiana University laser-induced fluorescence instrument, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1665–1685, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1665-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1665-2009, 2009.

Dzepina, K., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., Tulet, P., Ulbrich, I. M., Zhang, Q., Cappa, C. D., Ziemann, P. J., and Jimenez, J. L.: Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a Case~study in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5681–5709, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5681-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5681-2009, 2009. %

%Dzepina, K., Cappa, C. D., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., DeCarlo, P. F., %Zaveri, R. A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Modeling the Multiday Evolution and Aging %of Secondary Organic Aerosol During MILAGRO 2006, Environ. Sci. Technol., submitted\blackbox\textbfupdate?, %2010.

Dzepina, K., Cappa, C. D., Volkamer, R. M., Madronich, S., DeCarlo, P. F., Zaveri, R. A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Modeling the multiday evolution and aging of secondary organic aerosol during MILAGRO 2006, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 3496–3503, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es103186fdoi:10.1021/es103186f, 2011.

Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Lamarque, J. F., Hess, P. G., Avery, M., Blake, D., Brune, W., Campos, T., Crawford, J., DeCarlo, P. F., Hall, S., Heikes, B., Holloway, J., Jimenez, J. L., Knapp, D. J., Kok, G., Mena-Carrasco, M., Olson, J., O'Sullivan, D., Sachse, G., Walega, J., Weibring, P., Weinheimer, A., and Wiedinmyer, C.: Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6195–6212, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6195-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-6195-2010, 2010.

Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2233-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-2233-2007, 2007.

Fast, J., Aiken, A. C., Allan, J., Alexander, L., Campos, T., Canagaratna, M. R., Chapman, E., DeCarlo, P. F., de Foy, B., Gaffney, J., de Gouw, J., Doran, J. C., Emmons, L., Hodzic, A., Herndon, S. C., Huey, G., Jayne, J. T., Jimenez, J. L., Kleinman, L., Kuster, W., Marley, N., Russell, L., Ochoa, C., Onasch, T. B., Pekour, M., Song, C., Ulbrich, I. M., Warneke, C., Welsh-Bon, D., Wiedinmyer, C., Worsnop, D. R., Yu, X. Y., and Zaveri, R.: Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6191–6215, 2009.

Fast, J. D., Gustafson W.I. Jr., Chapman E.G., Easter R.C., Rishel J., Zaveri R.A., Grell G., and Barth M. : The Aerosol Modeling Testbed: A community tool to objectively evaluate aerosol process modules, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 343–360, 2011.

Friedl, M. A., Sulla-Menashe, D., Tan, B., Schneider, A., Ramankutty, N., Sibley, A., and Huang, X. M.: MODIS Collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 168–182, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016, 2010.

Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O., and Kaufman, Y. J.: An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, 273–282, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(03)00184-6doi:10.1016/s0034-4257(03)00184-6, 2003.

Goldstein, A. H. and Galbally, I. E.: Known and unexplored organic constituents in the earth's atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1514–1521, 2007.

Grell, G. A., Knoche, R., Peckham, S. E., and McKeen, S. A.: Online versus offline air quality modeling on cloud-resolving scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L16117, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl020175doi:10.1029/2004gl020175, 2004.

Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957–6975, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.

Grieshop, A. P., Logue, J. M., Donahue, N. M., and Robinson, A. L.: Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1: measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1263–1277, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1263-2009, 2009.

Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.

Hallquist, M., Wenger, J. C., Baltensperger, U., Rudich, Y., Simpson, D., Claeys, M., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., George, C., Goldstein, A. H., Hamilton, J. F., Herrmann, H., Hoffmann, T., Iinuma, Y., Jang, M., Jenkin, M. E., Jimenez, J. L., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Maenhaut, W., McFiggans, G., Mentel, Th. F., Monod, A., Pr�v�t, A. S. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Surratt, J. D., Szmigielski, R., and Wildt, J.: The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155–5236, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009, 2009.

Heald, C. L., Jacob, D. J., Park, R. J., Russell, L. M., Huebert, B. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Liao, H., and Weber, R. J.: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023831doi:10.1029/2005gl023831, 2005.

Henze, D. K. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Global secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09812, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl025976doi:10.1029/2006gl025976, 2006.

Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: High formation of secondary organic aerosol from the photo-oxidation of toluene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2973–2986, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2973-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-2973-2009, 2009.

Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Aiken, A. C., Bessagnet, B., Curci, G., Fast, J., Lamarque, J.-F., Onasch, T. B., Roux, G., Schauer, J. J., Stone, E. A., and Ulbrich, I. M.: Modeling organic aerosols during MILAGRO: importance of biogenic secondary organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6949–6981, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6949-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6949-2009, 2009.

Hodzic, A., Jimenez, J. L., Madronich, S., Canagaratna, M. R., DeCarlo, P. F., Kleinman, L., and Fast, J.: Modeling organic aerosols in a megacity: potential contribution of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility primary organic compounds to secondary organic aerosol formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5491–5514, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5491-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-5491-2010, 2010.

Hoelzemann, J. J., Schultz, M. G., Brasseur, G. P., Granier, C., and Simon, M.: Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14s04 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003666doi:10.1029/2003jd003666, 2004.

Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180353doi:10.1126/science.1180353, 2009.

Karl, T., Harley, P., Emmons, L., Thornton, B., Guenther, A., Basu, C., Turnipseed, A., and Jardine, K.: Efficient Atmospheric Cleansing of Oxidized Organic Trace Gases by Vegetation, Science, 330, 816–819, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192534doi:10.1126/science.1192534, 20doi:10.

Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nunnermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Wang, J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol composition over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1559–1575, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1559-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1559-2008, 2008.

Kroll, J. H., Smith, J. D., Che, D. L., Kessler, S. H., Worsnop, D. R., and Wilson, K. R.: Measurement of fragmentation and functionalization pathways in the heterogeneous oxidation of oxidized organic aerosol, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 11, 8005–8014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b905289edoi:10.1039/b905289e, 2009.

Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., and Pandis, S. N.: Effect of NO<sub>x</sub> on secondary organic aerosol concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6022–6027, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703225adoi:10.1021/es703225a, 2008.

Middlebrook, A. M., Bahreini, R., Jimenez, J. L., and Canagaratna, M.: Evaluation of composition dependent collection efficiencies for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer using field data, Aerosol Sci. Tech., submitted, 2011.

MODIS Rapid Response Project: MODIS Hotspot/Active Fire Detections, NASA/University of Maryland, Fire Information for Resource Management System, http://maps.geog.umd.edu, last access: 2011.

Mohr, C., Huffman, J. A., Cubison, M. J., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Kimmel, J. R., Ulbricht, I. M., Hannigan, M., and Jimenez, J. L.: Characterization of Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Meat Cooking, Trash Burning, and Motor Vehicles with High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry and Comparison with Ambient and Chamber Observations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2443–2449, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es8011518doi:10.1021/es8011518, 2009.

Murphy, D. M., Cziczo, D. J., Froyd, K. D., Hudson, P. K., Matthew, B. M., Middlebrook, A. M., Peltier, R. E., Sullivan, A., Thomson, D. S., and Weber, R. J.: Single-particle mass spectrometry of tropospheric aerosol particles, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D23s32 http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007340doi:10.1029/2006jd007340, 2006.

Ng, N. L., Chhabra, P. S., Chan, A. W. H., Surratt, J. D., Kroll, J. H., Kwan, A. J., McCabe, D. C., Wennberg, P. O., Sorooshian, A., Murphy, S. M., Dalleska, N. F., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Effect of NOx level on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of terpenes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5159–5174, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-5159-2007, 2007.

Ng, N. L., Kroll, J. H., Chan, A. W. H., Chhabra, P. S., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from $m$-xylene, toluene, and benzene, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3909–3922, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3909-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-3909-2007, 2007.

Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Tian, J., Ulbrich, I. M., Kroll, J. H., Docherty, K. S., Chhabra, P. S., Bahreini, R., Murphy, S. M., Seinfeld, J. H., Hildebrandt, L., Donahue, N. M., DeCarlo, P. F., Lanz, V. A., Prevot, A. S. H., Dinar, E., Rudich, Y., and Worsnop, D. R.: Organic aerosol components observed in Northern Hemispheric datasets from Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4625–4641, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010, 2010.

Pun, B. K., Seigneur, C., and Lohman, K.: Modeling secondary organic aerosol formation via multiphase partitioning with molecular data, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4722–4731, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0522736doi:10.1021/es0522736, 2006.

Pye, H. O. T. and Seinfeld, J. H.: A global perspective on aerosol from low-volatility organic compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4377–4401, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4377-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4377-2010, 2010.

Robinson, A. L., Donahue, N. M., Shrivastava, M. K., Weitkamp, E. A., Sage, A. M., Grieshop, A. P., Lane, T. E., Pierce, J. R., and Pandis, S. N.: Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259–1262, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1133061doi:10.1126/science.1133061, 2007.

Shrivastava, M. K., Lipsky, E. M., Stanier, C. O., and Robinson, A. L.: Modeling semivolatile organic aerosol mass emissions from combustion systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2671–2677, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0522231doi:10.1021/es0522231, 2006.

Shrivastava, M. K., Lane, T. E., Donahue, N. M., Pandis, S. N., and Robinson, A. L.: Effects of gas particle partitioning and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D18301, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009735doi:10.1029/2007jd009735, 2008.

Slowik, J. G., Stroud, C., Bottenheim, J. W., Brickell, P. C., Chang, R. Y.-W., Liggio, J., Makar, P. A., Martin, R. V., Moran, M. D., Shantz, N. C., Sjostedt, S. J., van Donkelaar, A., Vlasenko, A., Wiebe, H. A., Xia, A. G., Zhang, J., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Characterization of a large biogenic secondary organic aerosol event from eastern Canadian forests, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2825–2845, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2825-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-2825-2010, 2010.

Song, J., Lei, W., Bei, N., Zavala, M., de Foy, B., Volkamer, R., Cardenas, B., Zheng, J., Zhang, R., and Molina, L. T.: Ozone response to emission changes: a modeling study during the MCMA-2006/MILAGRO Campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3827–3846, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3827-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-3827-2010, 2010.

Tsimpidi, A. P., Karydis, V. A., Zavala, M., Lei, W., Molina, L., Ulbrich, I. M., Jimenez, J. L., and Pandis, S. N.: Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 525–546, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-525-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-525-2010, 2010.

Tunved, P., Hansson, H. C., Kerminen, V. M., Strom, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261–263, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1123052doi:10.1126/science.1123052, 2006.

Ulbrich, I. M., Canagaratna, M. R., Zhang, Q., Worsnop, D. R., and Jimenez, J. L.: Interpretation of organic components from Positive Matrix Factorization of aerosol mass spectrometric data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2891–2918, 2009.

Vaden, T. D., Imre, D., Beranek, J., Shrivastava, M., and Zelenyuk, A.: Evaporation kinetics and phase of laboratory and ambient secondary organic aerosol, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108(6), 2190–2195, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013391108doi:10.1073/pnas.1013391108, 2011.

Volkamer, R., Jimenez, J. L., San Martini, F., Dzepina, K., Zhang, Q., Salcedo, D., Molina, L. T., Worsnop, D. R., and Molina, M. J.: Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17811, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006gl026899doi:10.1029/2006gl026899, 2006.

Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface res istances to gaseous dry deposition in regional scale numerical models, Atmos. Environ., 23, 1293–1304, 1989.

Wiedinmyer, C., Quayle, B., Geron, C., Belote, A., McKenzie, D., Zhang, X. Y., O'Neill, S., and Wynne, K. K.: Estimating emissions from fires in North America for air quality modeling, Atmos. Environ., 40, 3419–3432, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.02.010, 2006.

Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Fast, J. D., and Peters, L. K.: Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D13204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008782doi:10.1029/2007jd008782, 2008.

Zhang, Q., Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ulbrich, I., Alfarra, M. R., Takami, A., Middlebrook, A. M., Sun, Y. L., Dzepina, K., Dunlea, E., Docherty, K., DeCarlo, P. F., Salcedo, D., Onasch, T., Jayne, J. T., Miyoshi, T., Shimono, A., Hatakeyama, S., Takegawa, N., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Williams, P., Bower, K., Bahreini, R., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R. J., Rautiainen, J., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L13801, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007gl029979doi:10.1029/2007gl029979, 2007.