<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-11-4929-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Deposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, to the snowpack at high latitudes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huff</surname>
<given-names>D. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Joyce</surname>
<given-names>P. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fochesatto</surname>
<given-names>G. J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Simpson</surname>
<given-names>W. R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>26</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>4929</fpage>
<lpage>4938</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/4929/2011/acp-11-4929-2011.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/4929/2011/acp-11-4929-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/4929/2011/acp-11-4929-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/4929/2011/acp-11-4929-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Dinitrogen pentoxide, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;, is an important nighttime intermediate
in the oxidation of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; that is hydrolysed on surfaces. We conducted a
field campaign in Fairbanks, Alaska during November 2009 to measure the
gradient and derive a flux (and deposition velocity) of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;
depositing to snowpack using the aerodynamic gradient method. The deposition
velocity of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; under Arctic winter conditions was found to be
0.59 ± 0.47 cm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, which is the first measurement of this parameter to our
knowledge. Based on the measured deposition velocity, we compared the
chemical loss rate of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; via snowpack deposition to the total
steady state loss rate and found that deposition to snowpack is at least
1/8th of the total chemical removal of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt; that is located
within the first few meters above the ground surface.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="10"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Andersen, H. V. and Hovmand, M. F.: Ammonia and nitric acid dry deposition and throughfall, Water Air Soil Poll., 85, 2211–2216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186162doi:10.1007/BF01186162, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Anderson, P. S. and Neff, W. D.: Boundary layer physics over snow and ice, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3563–3582, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Apodaca, R. L., Huff, D. M., and Simpson, W. R.: The role of ice in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ heterogeneous hydrolysis at high latitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7451–7463, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-7451-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-7451-2008, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Arya, S. P.: Introduction to micrometeorology, second ed., Academic press, 420~pp., 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ayers, J. D. and Simpson, W. R.: Measurements of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ near Fairbanks, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14309, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007070doi:10.1029/2006JD007070, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ayers, J. D., Apodaca, R. L., Simpson, W. R., and Baer, D. S.: Off-axis cavity ringdown spectroscopy: Application to atmospheric nitrate radical detection, Appl. Optics, 44, 7239–7242, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bertram, T. H. and Thornton, J. A.: Toward a general parameterization of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ reactivity on aqueous particles: the competing effects of particle liquid water, nitrate and chloride, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8351–8363, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bertram, T. H., Thornton, J. A., Riedel, T. P., Middlebrook, A. M., Bahreini, R., Bates, T. S., Quinn, P. K., and Coffman, D. J.: Direct observations of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ reactivity on ambient aerosol particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gl040248doi:10.1029/2009gl040248, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bocquet, F.: Surface layer ozone dynamics and air-snow interactions at summit, greenland spring and summer ozone exchange velocity and snowpack ozone: The complex interactions, Ph.D., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, 197~pp., 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Stark, H., Ciciora, S. J., and Ravishankara, A. R.: In-situ measurement of atmospheric NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ via cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3227, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013303doi:10.1029/2001GL013303, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Stark, H., Ryerson, T. B., Williams, E. J., Nicks, D. K., Jr., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Nitrogen oxides in the nocturnal boundary layer: Simultaneous in situ measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NO, and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002917doi:10.1029/2002jd002917, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Dibb, J. E., Stark, H., Aldener, M., Vozella, M., Whitlow, S., Williams, E. J., Lerner, B. M., Jakoubek, R., Middlebrook, A. M., DeGouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Goldan, P. D., Kuster, W. C., Angevine, W. M., Sueper, D. T., Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Nighttime removal of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in the summer marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004gl019412doi:10.1029/2004gl019412, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Ryerson, T. B., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Peltier, R., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., Dubé, W. P., Trainer, M., Meagher, J. F., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality, Science, 5757, 67–70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1120120doi:10.1126/science.1120120, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Dubé, W. P., Osthoff, H. D., Wolfe, D. E., Angevine, W. M., and Ravishankara, A. R.: High resolution vertical distributions of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ through the nocturnal boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 139–149, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-139-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-139-2007, 2007a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brown, S. S., Dubé, W. P., Osthoff, H. D., Stutz, J., Ryerson, T. B., Wollny, A. G., Brock, C. A., Warneke, C., de Gouw, J. A., Atlas, E., Neuman, J. A., Holloway, J. S., Lerner, B. M., Williams, E. J., Kuster, W. C., Goldan, P. D., Angevine, W. M., Trainer, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Vertical profiles in NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ measured from an aircraft: Results from the NOAA P-3 and surface platforms during the New England air quality study 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd008883doi:10.1029/2007jd008883, 2007b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bytnerowicz, A., Percy, K., Riechers, G., Padgett, P., and Krywult, M.: Nitric acid vapor effects on forest trees – deposition and cuticular changes, Chemosphere, 36, 697–702, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10110-2doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10110-2, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Cadle, S. H., Dasch, J. M., and Mulawa, P. A.: Atmospheric concentrations and the deposition velocity to snow of nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and various particulate species, Atmos. Environ., 19, 1819–1827, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90008-3doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90008-3, 1985. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: Reaction of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and OH, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7149–7163, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jd02979doi:10.1029/92jd02979, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Evans, M. J. and Jacob, D. J.: Impact of new laboratory studies of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ hydrolysis on global model budgets of tropospheric nitrogen oxides, ozone and oh, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09813, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022469doi:10.1029/2005GL022469, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fenn, M. E., Baron, J. S., Allen, E. B., Rueth, H. M., Nydick, K. R., Geiser, L., Bowman, W. D., Sickman, J. O., Meixner, T., Johnson, D. W., and Neitlich, P.: Ecological effects of nitrogen deposition in the western united states, BioScience, 53, 404–420, http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0404:EEONDI]2.0.CO;2doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0404:EEONDI]2.0.CO;2, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Geyer, A. and Stutz, J.: Vertical profiles of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in the nocturnal boundary layer: 2. Model studies on the altitude dependence of composition and chemistry, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd004211doi:10.1029/2003jd004211, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Google Inc. 2009. Google Earth (Version 5.1.3533.1731) [Software], 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hanson, D. R. and Ravishankara, A. R.: The reaction probabilities of ClONO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on 40 to 75 % sulfuric acid solutions, J. Geophys. Res., 96(D9), 17307–17314, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jd01750doi:10.1029/91jd01750, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Helmig, D., Ganzeveld, L., Butler, T., and Oltmans, S.: The role of ozone atmosphere-snow gas exchange on polar, boundary-layer tropospheric ozone – a review and sensitivity analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 15–30, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-15-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-15-2007, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Helmig, D., Cohen, L. D., Bocquet, F., Oltmans, S., Grachev, A., and Neff, W.: Spring and summertime diurnal surface ozone fluxes over the polar snow at summit, greenland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036549doi:10.1029/2008gl036549, 2009.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Honrath, R. E., Lu, Y., Peterson, M. C., Dibb, J. E., Arsenault, M. A., Cullen, N. J., and Steffen, K.: Vertical fluxes of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, HONO, and HNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; above the snowpack at summit, Greenland, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2629–2640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00132-2doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00132-2, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horst, T. W.: The footprint for estimation of atmosphere-surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 90, 171–188, doi:10.1023/A:1001774726067 1999.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horst, T. W. and Weil, J. C.: How far is far enough: The fetch requirements for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 11, 1018–1025, 1994.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jones, A. E., Weller, R., Anderson, P. S., Jacobi, H., W, Wolff, E. W., Schrems, O., and Miller, H.: Measurements of NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; emissions from the antarctic snowpack, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1499–1502, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011956doi:10.1029/2000gl011956, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kirchner, W., Welter, F., Bongartz, A., Kames, J., Schweighoefer, S., and Schurath, U.: Trace gas exchange at the air/water interface: Measurements of mass accommodation coefficients, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 427–449, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00115784doi:10.1007/bf00115784, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lovett, G. M.: Atmospheric deposition of nutrients and pollutants in North America: An ecological perspective, Ecol. Appl., 4, 630–650, http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941997doi:10.2307/1941997, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Matsumoto, J., Imai, H., Kosugi, N., and Kajii, Y.: In situ measurement of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ in the urban atmosphere by thermal decomposition/laser-induced fluorescence technique, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6802–6811, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.055 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McNeill, V. F., Patterson, J., Wolfe, G. M., and Thornton, J. A.: The effect of varying levels of surfactant on the reactive uptake of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ to aqueous aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1635–1644, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1635-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-1635-2006, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Monteith, J. L. and Unsworth, M. H.: Principles of environmental physics, second ed., 291~pp., Edward Arnold, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mozurkewich, M. and Calvert, J. G.: Reaction probability of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ on aqueous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 93(D12), 15889–15896, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD093iD12p15889doi:10.1029/JD093iD12p15889, 1988. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Muller, J. B. A., Coyle, M., Fowler, D., Gallagher, M. W., Nemitz, E. G., and Percival, C. J.: Comparison of ozone fluxes over grassland by gradient and eddy covariance technique, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 10, 164–169, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.: The turbulent structure of the stable, nocturnal boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2202–2216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041&lt;2202:TTSOTS&gt;2.0.CO;2doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041&lt;2202:TTSOTS&gt;2.0.CO;2, 1984. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Oke, T. R.: Boundary layer climates, 2nd ed., Methuen, London, 435~pp.,1987. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pardyjak, E. R., Monti, P., and Fernando, H. J. S.: Flux richardson number measurements in stable atmospheric shear flows, J. Fluid Mech., 459, 307–316, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112002008406doi:10.1017/S0022112002008406, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Riemer, N., Vogel, H., Vogel, B., Schell, B., Ackermann, I., Kessler, C., and Hass, H.: Impact of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of n2o5 on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4144, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002436doi:10.1029/2002jd002436, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Roberts, J. M., Osthoff, H. D., Brown, S. S., and Ravishankara, A. R.: N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$ oxidizes chloride to Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in acidic atmospheric aerosol, Science, 321, 1059, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1158777doi:10.1126/science.1158777, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Simpson, W. R.: Continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy applied to in-situ detection of dinitrogen pentoxide (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5)$. Rev. Sci. Inst., 74, 3442–3452, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Sommariva,~R., Osthoff,~H D., Brown,~S S., Bates,~T S., Baynard,~T., Coffman,~D., de~Gouw,~J A., Goldan,~P D., Kuster,~W C., Lerner,~B M., Stark,~H., Warneke,~C., Williams,~E J., Fehsenfeld,~F C., Ravishankara,~A R., and Trainer,~M.: Radicals in the marine boundary layer during NEAQS 2004: a model study of day-time and night-time sources and sinks, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3075–3093, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3075-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3075-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stull, R. B.: An introduction to boundary layer meteorology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 666~pp.,1988.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stutz, J., Alicke, B. R., Ackermann, R., Geyer, A., White, A., and Williams, E.: Vertical profiles of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, and NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; in the nocturnal boundary layer: 1. Observations during the Texas air quality study 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004209doi:10.1029/2003JD004209, 2004.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thornton, J. A., Kercher, J. P., Riedel, T. P., Wagner, N. L., Cozic, J., Holloway, J. S., Dubé, W. P., Wolfe, G. M., Quinn, P. K., Middlebrook, A. M., Alexander, B., and Brown, S. S.: A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry, Nature, 464, 271–274, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08905doi:10.1038/nature08905, 2009.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> van Doren, J. M., Watson, L. R., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D. R., Zahniser, M. S., and Kolb, C. E.: Uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide and nitric acid by aqueous sulfuric acid droplets, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1684–1689, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100157a037doi:10.1021/j100157a037, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Watt, S. A., Wagner-Riddle, C., Edwards, G., and Vet, R. J.: Evaluating a flux-gradient approach for flux and deposition velocity of nitrogen dioxide over short-grass surfaces, Atmos. Environ., 38, 2619–2626, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.021doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.021, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wesely, M. L. and Hicks, B. B.: A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2261–2282, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.021doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.021, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wood, E. C., Bertram, T. H., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Measurements of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O$_5$, NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; east of the San Francisco Bay, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 483–491, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-483-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-483-2005, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>