ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-2281-2011 Anthropogenic and natural constituents in particulate matter in the Netherlands Weijers E. P. 1 Schaap M. 2 Nguyen L. 3 Matthijsen J. 4 Denier van der Gon H. A. C. 2 ten Brink H. M. 1 Hoogerbrugge R. 3 Department of Air Quality and Climate Change, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands TNO, Business unit Environment, Health and Safety, Utrecht, The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Bilthoven, The Netherlands 14 03 2011 11 5 2281 2294 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/2281/2011/acp-11-2281-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/2281/2011/acp-11-2281-2011.pdf

To develop mitigation strategies for reducing concentrations of both PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>, the origin of particulate matter (PM) needs to be established. An intensive, one-year measurement campaign from August 2007 to August 2008 was carried out to determine the composition of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> at five locations in the Netherlands, aiming at reducing the uncertainties on the origin of PM. Generally, a considerable conformity in the chemical composition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (and PM<sub>10</sub>) is observed. From all constituents present in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, the secondary inorganic aerosol is the most dominant (42–48%), followed by the total carbonaceous matter (22–37%). Contributions from sea salt (maximum 8%), mineral dust and metals (maximum 5%) are relatively low. For the first time, a detailed overview of the composition of the coarse fraction can be presented. Compared to the fine fraction, contributions of sea salt, mineral dust and metals are larger resulting in a more balanced distribution between the various constituents. Through mass closure a considerable part of the PM mass could be defined (PM<sub>2.5</sub>: 80–94%). The chemical distribution on days with high PM levels shows a distinct increase in nitrate as well as in the unaccounted mass. Contributions of the other constituents remain equal or are lower (sea salt) when expressed in percentages. A correspondence between nitrate and the unaccounted mass is observed hinting at the presence of water on the filters. The contribution from natural sources in the Netherlands (at a rural station) was estimated to be 19 to 24% for PM<sub>10</sub> and 13 to 17% for PM<sub>2.5</sub>.

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