References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-1621-2011

Air quality and emissions in the Yangtze River Delta, China

¹ Chen

C. H.

¹ Fu

J. S.

² Huang

¹ Streets

D. G.

³ Huang

H. Y.

¹ Zhang

G. F.

¹ Wang

Y. J.

⁴ Jang

C. J.

⁵ Wang

H. L.

¹ Chen

Y. R.

¹ Fu

J. M.

⁴

Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA

Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA

Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA

21 02 2011

11 4 1621 1639

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/1621/2011/acp-11-1621-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/1621/2011/acp-11-1621-2011.pdf

Regional trans-boundary air pollution has become an important issue in the field of air pollution modeling. This paper presents the results of the implementation of the MM5-CMAQ modeling system in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) for the months of January and July of 2004. The meteorological parameters are obtained by using the MM5 model. A new regional emission inventory with spatial and temporal allocations based on local statistical data has been developed to provide input emissions data to the MM5-CMAQ modeling system. The pollutant concentrations obtained from the MM5-CMAQ modeling system have been compared with observational data from the national air pollution monitoring network. It is found that air quality in winter in the YRD is generally worse than in summer, due mainly to unfavorable meteorological dispersion conditions. In winter, the pollution transport from Northern China to the YRD reinforces the pollution caused by large local emissions. The monthly average concentration of SO2 in the YRD is 0.026 ± 0.011 mg m−3 in January and 0.017 ± 0.009 mg m−3 in July. Monthly average concentrations of NO2 in the YRD in January and July are 0.021 ± 0.009 mg m−3, and 0.014 ± 0.008 mg m−3, respectively. The monthly average concentration of PM10 in the YRD is 0.080 ± 0.028 mg m−3 in January and 0.025 ± 0.015 mg m−3 in July. Visibility is also a problem, with average deciview values of 26.4 ± 2.95 dcv in winter and 17.6 ± 3.3 dcv in summer. The ozone concentration in the downtown area of a city like Zhoushan can be very high, with the highest simulated value reaching 0.24 mg m−3. In January, the monthly average concentration of O3 in the YRD is 0.052 ± 0.011 mg m−3, and 0.054 ± 0.008 mg m−3 in July. Our results show that ozone and haze have become extremely important issues in the regional air quality. Thus, regional air pollution control is urgently needed to improve air quality in the YRD.

References 1

Akimoto, H. and Narita, H.: Distribution of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in Asia with 1$^\circ\times 1^\circ$ resolution, Atmos. Environ., 28, 213–225, 1994.

An, X., Zhu, T., Wang, Z., Li, C., and Wang, Y.: A modeling analysis of a heavy air pollution episode occurred in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3103–3114, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3103-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-3103-2007, 2007.

Byun, D. W. and Ching, J. K. S.: Science algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, US Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/R-99/030, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.

Byun, D. W., Ching, J. K. S., Novak, J., and Young, J.: Development and implementation of the EPA's Models-3 initial operating version: Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model, Plenum Publishing Corp, New York, USA, 1998.

Carmichael, G. R., Tang, Y., Kurata, G., Uno, I., Streets, D. G., Thongboonchoo, N., Woo, J.-H., Guttikunda, S., White, A., Wang, T., Blake, D. R., Atlas, E., Fried, A., Potter, B., Avery, M. A., Sachse, G. W., Sandholm, S. T., Kondo, Y., Talbot, R. W., Bandy, A., Thornton, D., and Clarke, A. D.: Evaluating regional emission estimates using the TRACE-P observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003116doi:10.1029/2002JD003116, 2003.

Chameides, W. L., Li., X., Tang, X., Zhou, X., Chao, L., Kiang, C. S., St. John., J., Saylor, R. D., Liu, S. C., Lam, K. S., Wang, T., and Giorgi, F.: Is ozone pollution affecting crop yields in China?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 867–870, 1999.

Chan, C. K. and Yao, X. H.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1–42, 2008.

Chen, F. and Dudhia J.: Coupling and advanced land-surface/hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system, Part~I: model implementation and sensitivity, Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585, 2001.

Chen, S. J., Tong, J. C., Kazuhiko, K. B, and Zhu, J. G.: Influences of the meteorological factors on the ozone concentration near the ground, Journal of Central China Normal University, Nat. Sci., 39, 273–277, 2005 (in Chinese).

Cheung, V. T. F. and Wang, T.: Observational study of ozone pollution at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta of China, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4947–4958, 2001.

Dennis, R. L., Byun, D. W., Novak J. H., Galluppi K. J., Coats, C. J., and Vouk, M. A.: The next generation of integrated air quality modeling: EPA's Models-3, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1925–1938, 1996.

Di, X. H., Nie, Z. R., and Zuo, T. Y.: Life cycle emission inventories for the fuels consumed by thermal power in China, China Environmental Science, 25, 632–635, 2005(in Chinese).

Fang, P. X., Jiang, X., and Xi, Y. F.: Environmental Statistics Manual, Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, China, 1985(in Chinese).

Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N.: Atmospheric chemistry of tropospheric ozone formation: scientific and regulatory implications, J. Air Waste Manage., 43, 1091–1100, 1993.

Fu, J. S., Jang, C. J., Streets, D. G., Li, Z., Kwok, R., Park, R., and Han, Z.: MICS-Asia II: Modeling gaseous pollutants and evaluating an advanced modeling system over East Asia, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3571–3583, 2008.

Geng, F. H., Tie, X., Xu, J. M., Zhou, G. Q., Peng, L., Gao, W., Tang, X., and Zhao, C. S.: Characterizations of ozone, NOx, and VOCs measured in Shanghai, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 6873–6883, 2008.

Han, Z. W., Hiromasa, U., An, J. L., Evaluation and intercomparison of meteorological predictions by five MM5-PBL parameterizations in combination with three land-surface models, Atmos. Environ., 42, 233–249, 2008.

Huang, W., Tan, J., Kan, H. D., Zhao, N., Song, W. M., Song, G. X., Chen, G. H., Jiang, L. L., Jiang, C., Chen, R. J., and Chen, B. H.: Visibility, air quality and daily mortality in Shanghai, China, Sci. Total. Environ., 407, 3295–3300, 2009.

Hu, M. C.: Environmental protection data manual, China Machine Press, Beijing, China, 1990(in Chinese).

Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press, Beijing, China, 2005.

Kato, N. and Akimoto, H.: Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: emission inventories, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 2997–3017, 1992.

Kuang, J. X., Long, T., Huang, Q. F., and Jian, J. Y.: Study of emission factor for burning fuel, Environmental Monitoring in China, 17, 27–30, 2001(in Chinese).

Lamb, R. G.: A regional-scale (1000 km) model of photochemical air pollution: Part I. theoretical formulation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/3-85-035, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982.

Li, L., Chen, C. H., Huang, C., Huang, H. Y., Li, Z. P., Fu, J. S., Carey, J. J., and Streets, D. G.: Regional air pollution characteristics simulation of O3 and PM$_10$ over Yangtze River Delta Region, Environmental Science, 29, 237–245, 2008(in Chinese).

Lin, M., Holloway, T., Oki, T., Streets, D. G., and Richter, A.: Multi-scale model analysis of boundary layer ozone over East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3277–3301, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3277-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3277-2009, 2009.

Luo, C., St. John, J., Zhou, X., Lam, K., Wang, T., and Chameides, W.: A nonurban ozone air pollution episode over Eastern China: observations and model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D2), 1889–1908, 2000.

Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of the People's Republic of China: User's Guide on the Production and Emission Factors of Industrial Pollutants, China Environmental Science Press, Beijing, China, 1996.

Pielke, R. A.: Mesoscale Meteorology Simulation, Meteorology Press, Beijing, China, 1990.

Shanghai Statistical Yearbook: China Statistics Press, Beijing, China, 2005.

Streets, D. G. and Waldhoff, S. T.: Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO2, NOx and CO, Atmos. Environ., 34, 363–374, 2000.

Streets, D. G., Jiang K., Hu X., Sinton, J. E., Zhang, X.-Q., Xu, D., Jacobson, M. Z., and Hanson, J. E.: Recent reductions in China's greenhouse-gas emissions, Science, 294, 1835–1836, 2001.

Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q., Woo, J.-H., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003093doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003a.

Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.-H., and Carmichael, G. R.: Biomass burning in Asia: annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 1099, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002040doi:10.1029/2003GB002040, 2003b.

Streets, D. G., Fu, J. S., Jang, C. J., Hao, J., He, K., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, Q., Wang, L., Wang, B., and Yu, C.: Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Atmos. Environ., 41, 480–492, 2007.

Tesche, T. W.: Photochemical dispersion modeling: review of model concepts and applications studies, Environ. Intl., 9, 465–48, 1983.

United States Environmental Protection Agency: AP-42 Emission Factors, Washington, DC, 2006.

Uno, I., He, Y., Ohara, T., Yamaji, K., Kurokawa, J.-I., Katayama, M., Wang, Z., Noguchi, K., Hayashida, S., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Systematic analysis of interannual and seasonal variations of model-simulated tropospheric NO2 in Asia and comparison with GOME-satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1671–1681, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1671-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1671-2007, 2007.

Wang T., Cheung V. T. F., Anson, M., and Li, Y. S.: Ozone and related gaseous pollutants in the boundary layer of eastern China: overview of the recent measurements at a rural site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2373–2376, 2001a.

Wang, X. M., Fu, C., and Liang, G. X.: Study on the ozone concentration in urban areas, Research of Environmental Sciences, 14, 1–3, 2001b.

Wang, H. X., Tang, X. Y., Wang, M. L., Yan, P., Wang, T., Shao, K. S., Zeng, L. M., Du, H. F., and Chen, L. M.: The temporal and spatial allocation characteristics of trace gases in the Yangtze River Delta, Science in China (Series D), 33, 114-118, 2003(in Chinese).

Wang, Y., Zhuang, G. S., Zhang, X. Y., Huang, K., Xu, C., Tang, A. H., Chen, J. M., and An, Z. S.: The ion chemistry, seasonal cycle, and sources of PM$_2.5$ and TSP aerosol in Shanghai, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2935–2952, 2006.

Wang, T., Wei, X. L., Ding, A. J., Poon, C. N., Lam, K. S., Li, Y. S., Chan, L. Y., and Anson, M.: Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of Southern China, 1994–2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6217–6227, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6217-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-6217-2009, 2009.

Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhou, W., Lu, K., Zhong, L., Zeng, L., Shao, M., Hu, M., and Russell, A. G.: Process analysis and sensitivity study of regional ozone formation over the Pearl River Delta, China, during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4423–4437, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5 10-4423-2010doi:10.5194/acp-5 10-4423-2010, 2010.

Xu, J., Zhu, Y., and Li. J.: Case studies on the processes of surface ozone pollution in Shanghai, J. Air Waste Manage., 49, 716–724, 1999.

Ye, B. M., Ji, X. L., Yang, H. Z., Yao, X. H., Chan, C. K., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: Concentration and chemical composition of PM$_2.5$ in Shanghai for a 1-year period, Atmos. Environ, 37, 499–510, 2003.

Zhang, M. G.: Numerical simulation with a comprehensive chemical transport model of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosol distributions over East Asia, China Part., 3, 255–259, 2005.

Zhang, M. G., Uno, I., Yoshida, Y., Xu, Y. F., Wang, Z. F., Akimoto, H., Bates, T., Quinn, T., Bandy, A., and Blomquist, B.: Transport and transformation of sulfur compounds over East Asia during the TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6947–6959, 2004.

Zhang, M. G., Han, Z. W., and Zhu, L. Y.: Simulation of atmospheric aerosols in East Asia using modeling system RAMS-CMAQ: Model evaluation, China Part., 5, 321–327, 2007.

Zhejiang Statistical Yearbook, China Statistics Press, Beijing, China, 2005.

Zhu, Y. X. and Xu, J. L.: Ozone pollution process in the lower atmosphere and the meteorological factors concerned, Research of Environmental Science, 7, 13–18, 1994(in Chinese).