ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-13377-2011 Validity of satellite measurements used for the monitoring of UV radiation risk on health Jégou F. 1 7 Godin-Beekman S. 1 Corrêa M. P. 2 Brogniez C. 3 Auriol F. 3 Peuch V. H. 4 Haeffelin M. 5 Pazmino A. 1 Saiag P. 6 Goutail F. 1 Mahé E. 6 8 UPMC Univ.~Paris 06, Université Versailles St-Quentin, CNRS/INSU, UMR8190, LATMOS-IPSL, Paris, France Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Université Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France Météo-France CNRM/GMGEC/CARMA, Toulouse, France Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, \'Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France Service de Dermatologie Générale et Oncologique, Research unit EA 4339 "skin, cancer, and environment", Faculty of medicine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, University of Versailles-St-Quentin, APHP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France now at: Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, CNRS/INSU, Université d'Orléans, UMR6115, Orléans, France now at: Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil Cedex, France 22 12 2011 11 24 13377 13394 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/13377/2011/acp-11-13377-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/13377/2011/acp-11-13377-2011.pdf

In order to test the validity of ultraviolet index (UVI) satellite products and UVI model simulations for general public information, intercomparison involving three satellite instruments (SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME-2), the Chemistry and Transport Model, Modélisation de la Chimie Atmosphérique Grande Echelle (MOCAGE), and ground-based instruments was performed in 2008 and 2009. The intercomparison highlighted a systematic high bias of ~1 UVI in the OMI clear-sky products compared to the SCIAMACHY and TUV model clear-sky products. The OMI and GOME-2 all-sky products are close to the ground-based observations with a low 6 % positive bias, comparable to the results found during the satellite validation campaigns. This result shows that OMI and GOME-2 all-sky products are well appropriate to evaluate the UV-risk on health. The study has pointed out the difficulty to take into account either in the retrieval algorithms or in the models, the large spatial and temporal cloud modification effect on UV radiation. This factor is crucial to provide good quality UV information. OMI and GOME-2 show a realistic UV variability as a function of the cloud cover. Nevertheless these satellite products do not sufficiently take into account the radiation reflected by clouds. MOCAGE numerical forecasts show good results during periods with low cloud covers, but are actually not adequate for overcast conditions; this is why Météo-France currently uses human-expertised cloudiness (rather than direct outputs from Numerical Prediction Models) together with MOCAGE clear-sky UV indices for its operational forecasts. From now on, the UV monitoring could be done using free satellite products (OMI, GOME-2) and operational forecast for general public by using modelling, as long as cloud forecasts and the parametrisation of the impact of cloudiness on UV radiation are adequate.

 References Allaart, M., van Weele, M., Fortuin, P., and Kelder, H.: An Empirical model to predict the UV-index based on Solar Zenith Angle and Total Ozone, Meteorol. Appl. (Roy. Meteorol. Soc.), 11, 59–65, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1350482703001130doi:10.1017/S1350482703001130, 2004 Arola, A., Kazadzis, S., Lindfors, A., Krotkov, N., Kujanpaa, J., Tamminen, J., Bais, A., di Sarra, A., Villaplana, J. M., Brogniez, C., Siani, A. M., Janouch, M., Weihs, P., Webb, A., Koskela, T., Kouremeti, N., Meloni, D., Buchard, V., Auriol, F., Ialongo, I., Staneck, M., Simic, S., Smedley, A., and Kinne, S.: A new approach to correct for absorbing aerosols in OMI UV, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L22805, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041137doi:10.1029/2009GL041137, 2009. Bense D., Blanquet E., Cesarini P., Wilgenbus D.: Vivre avec le soleil : activités cycle 3 - Guide de l'enseignant, passerelle - sciences, santé, citoyenneté collection, Hatier edition, 2009. Bousserez, N., Attié, J.-L., Peuch, V.-H., Michou, M., Pfister, G., Edwards, D., Avery, M., Sachse, G., Browell, E., and Ferrare, E.: Evaluation of MOCAGE chemistry and transport model during the ICARTT/ITOP experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D120S42, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007595doi:10.1029/2006JD007595, 2007. Brasseur, G. P., Hauglustaine, D. A., Walters, S., Rasch, R. J., Müller, J.-F., Granier, C., and Tie, X. X.: MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone and related chemical tracers 1. Model descript ion, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28265–28289, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JD02397doi:10.1029/98JD02397, 1998. Buchard, V., Brogniez, C., Auriol, F., Bonnel, B., Lenoble, J., Tanskanen, A., Bojkov, B., and Veefkind, P.: Comparison of OMI ozone and UV irradiance data with ground-based measurements at two French sites, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4517–4528, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4517-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-4517-2008, 2008. Buntoung, S. and Webb, A. R.: Comparison of erythemal UV irradiances from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and ground-based data at four Thai stations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D18215, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013567doi:10.1029/2009JD013567, 2010. Chubarova, N. E.: Influence of aerosol and atmospheric gases on ultraviolet radiation in different optical conditions including smoky mist of 2002, Dokl. Earth Sci., 394, 62–67, 2004. Corrêa, M. P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Haeffelin, M., Brogniez, C., Verschaeve, F., Saiag, P., Pazmino, A., and Mahé, E.: Comparison between UV index measurements performed by research-grade and consumer-products instruments, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 9, 459–463, 2010. COST~726, Lityńska, Z., Koepke, P., De Backer, H., Gröbner, J., Schmalwieser, A., and Vuilleumier, L.: COST 726: Final report of COST action 726 Long term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe, COST Earth System Science and Environmental Management, Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 137~pp., 2009a. COST~726, Lityńska, Z., Schmalwieser, A. W., Bais, A., Ettler, K., Gröbner, J., Köpke, P., Krzy\'scin, J., den Outer, P., Verdebout, J., Zipoli, G., and Biszczuk-Jakubowska, J.: Booklet: UV radiation and life, COST Earth System Science and Environmental Management, Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 52~pp., 2009b. Cros, S., Albuisson, M., Lefevre, M., Rigollier, C., and Wald, L.: HelioClim: a long-term database on solar radiation for Europe and Africa, in: Proceedings of Eurosun 2004, published by PSE GmbH, Freiburg, Germany, 916–920, ISBN 3-9809656-4-3, 2004. Courtier, P., Freydier, C., Geleyn, J.-F., Rabier, F., and Rochas, M.: The Arpege project at Météo-France, Proceedings of the 1991 ECMWF seminar, ECMWF, 193–231, 1991. de Laat, A. T. J., van der A, R. J., Allaart, M. A. F., van Weele, M., Benitez, G. C., Casiccia, C., Paes Leme, N. M., Quel, E., Salvador, J., and Wolfram, E.: Extreme sunbathing: Three weeks of small total O<sub>3</sub> columns and high UV radiation over the southern tip of South America during the 2009 Antarctic O<sub>3</sub> hole season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14805, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043699doi:10.1029/2010GL043699, 2010. Dufour, A., Amodei, M., Ancellet, G., and Peuch, V.-H.: Observed and modelled "chemical weather" during ESCOMPTE, Atmos. Res., 74, 161–189, 2004. El Amraoui, L., Attié, J.-L., Semane, N., Claeyman, M., Peuch, V.-H., Warner, J., Ricaud, P., Cammas, J.-P., Piacentini, A., Josse, B., Cariolle, D., Massart, S., and Bencherif, H.: Midlatitude stratosphere � troposphere exchange as diagnosed by MLS O<sub>3</sub> and MOPITT CO assimilated fields, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2175–2194, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2175-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-2175-2010, 2010. Ellingson, R. G., Ellis, J., and Fels, S.: The intercomparison of radiation codes used in climate models: long wave results, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 8929–8953, 1991. Eskes, H. J., Van Velthoven, P. F. J., Valks, P. J. M., and Kelder, H. M.: Assimilation of GOME total ozone satellite measurements in a three-dimensional tracer transport model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 1663–1681, 2003. Eyring, V., Waugh, D. W., Bodeker, G. E., Cordero, E., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Beagley, S. R., Boville, B. A., Braesicke, P., Brühl, C., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M. P., Dameris, M., Deckert, R., Deushi, M., Frith, S. M., Garcia, R. R., Gettelman, A., Giorgetta, M. A., Kinnison, D. E., Mancini, E., Manzini, E., Marsh, D. R., Matthes, S., Nagashima, T., Newman, P. A., Nielsen, J. E., Pawson, S., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Rozanov, E., Schraner, M., Scinocca, J. F., Semeniuk, K., Shepherd, T. G., Shibata, K., Steil, B., Stolarski, R. S., Tian, W., and Yoshiki, M.: Multi-model projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008332doi:10.1029/2006JD008332, 2007. Gröbner, J., Blumthaler, M., Kazadzis, S., Bais, A., Webb, A., Schreder, J., Seckmeyer, G., and Rembges, D.: Quality assurance of spectral solar UV measurements: results from 25 UV monitoring sites in Europe, 2002 to 2004, Metrologia, 43, 66–71, 2006. Haeffelin, M., Barthès, L., Bock, O., Boitel, C., Bony, S., Bouniol, D., Chepfer, H., Chiriaco, M., Cuesta, J., Delanoë, J., Drobinski, P., Dufresne, J.-L., Flamant, C., Grall, M., Hodzic, A., Hourdin, F., Lapouge, F., Lemaître, Y., Mathieu, A., Morille, Y., Naud, C., Noël, V., O'Hirok, W., Pelon, J., Pietras, C., Protat, A., Romand, B., Scialom, G., and Vautard, R.: SIRTA, a ground-based atmospheric observatory for cloud and aerosol research, Ann. Geophys., 23, 253–275, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-253-2005doi:10.5194/angeo-23-253-2005, 2005. Herman, J. R.: Global increase in UV irradiance during the past 30 years (1979–2008) estimated from satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D04203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012219doi:10.1029/2009JD012219, 2010. Hollingsworth, A., Engelen, R. J., Textor, C., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Elbern, H., Eskes, H., Flemming, J., Granier, C., Morcrette, J. J., Rayner, P., Peuch, V.-H., Rouil, L., Schultz, M., and Simmons, A.: The Global Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in-situ data (GEMS) Project: Towards a monitoring and forecasting system for atmospheric composition, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89(8), 1147–1164, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2355.1doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2355.1, 2008. ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection): Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation), Health Phys., 87, 171–186, 2004. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2007. Josse, B., Simon, P., and Peuch, V.-H.: Rn-222 global simulations with the multiscale CTM MOCAGE, Tellus, 56B, 339–356, 2004. Kalakoski, N.: O3M SAF validation report, ref:SAF/O3M/FMI/VR/OUV/O01, issue: 1/2009, EUMETSAT, Finish Meteorological Institute, Finland, 58 pp., 2009. Kazadzis, S., Bais, A., Arola, A., Krotkov, N., Kouremeti, N., and Meleti, C.: Ozone Monitoring Instrument spectral UV irradiance products: comparison with ground based measurements at an urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 585–594, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-585-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-585-2009, 2009. Kinne, S.: Towards an observation-tied AOD climatology, presentation in AT2 Aerosol Workshop, Bremen, Germany, June 2007. Krotkov, N. A., Bhartia, P. K., Herman, J. R., Fioletov, V., and Kerr, J.: Satellite estimation of spectral surface UV irradiance in the presence of tropospheric aerosols 1: Cloud-free case, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8779–8793, 1998. Krotkov, N. A., Herman, J. R., Bhartia, P. K., Fioletov, V., and Ahmad, Z.: Satellite estimation of spectral surface UV irradiance 2 Effects of homogeneous clouds and snow, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11743–11759, 2001. Krotkov, N. A., Herman, J. R., Bhartia, P. K., Seftor, C., Arola, A., Kaurola, J., Taalas, P., and Vasilkov, A.: OMI Surface UV Irradiance Algorithm, Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document: Clouds, Aerosols, and Surface UV Irradiance, edited by: Stammes, P., Vol III, ATBD-OMI-03, Version 2.0, August 2002. Kujanpää, J.: O3M SAF Offline UV Product, Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, ref: SAF/O3M/FMI/ATBD/001, issue: 1.2, EUMETSAT, Finish Meteorological Institute, Finland, 15 pp., 2008. Lee-Taylor, J., Madronich, S., Fischer, C., and Mayer, B.: A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979–2000, 65° S–65° N, Chapter 1 in UV Radiation in Global Climatic Change: Measurements, Modeling and Effects on Ecosystems, edited by: Gao, W., Schmoldt D., and Slusser, J. R., Springer-Verlag and Tsinghua Unisersity Press, 2010. Levelt, P. F., Hilsenrath, E., Leppelmeier, G. W., Van den Oord, G. H. J., Bhartia, P. K., Tamminen, J., De Haan, J. F., and Veefkind, J. P.: The Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(5), 1093–1101, 2006. Lefèvre, F., Brasseur, G. P., Folkins, I., Smith, A. K., and Simon, P.: Chemistry of the 1991–1992 stratospheric winter: three-dimensional model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8183–8195, 1994. Madronich, S. and Flocke, S.: Theoretical estimation of biologically effective UV radiation at the Earth's surface, in: Solar Ultraviolet Radiation – Modeling, Measurements and Effects, edited by: Zerefos, C., NATO ASI Series Vol I52, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germnay, 1997. Mahé, E., Beauchet, A., Corrêa, M. P., Godin-Beekman, S., Haeffelin, M., Bruant, S., Fay-Chatelard, F., Jégou, F., Saiag, P., and Aegerter, P.: Outdoor sports and risk of UV-related skin lesions in children: evaluation of risks, and prevention, British Journal of Dermatology, 165, 2, 360–367, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10415.xdoi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10415.x, 2011. McKenzie, R. L., Liley, J. B., and Björn, L. O.: UV radiation: balancing risks and benefits, Photochem Photobiol, January–February; 85(1), 88–98, 2009. McKinley, A. and Diffey, B. L.: A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, in: Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiaton: Riskes and Regulations, edited by: Passchier, W. F. and Bosnajakovic, B. F. M., International Congress Series, 8387~pp., Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1987. Martet, M., Peuch, V.-H., Laurent, B., Marticorena, B., and Bergametti, G.: evaluation of long-range transport and deposition of desert dust with the CTM Mocage, Tellus, 61B, 449–463, 2009. Meehl, G. A., Stocker, T. F., Collins, W. D., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A. T., Gregory, J. M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J. M., Noda, A., Raper, S. C. B., Watterson, I. G., Weaver, A. J., and Zhao, Z.-C.: Global Climate Projections, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 99, 2007. Pachart, E., Lenoble, J., Brogniez, C., Masserot, D., and Bocquet, J. L.: Ultraviolet spectral irradiance in the French Alps. Results of two campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 16777–16784, 1999. Rouil, L., Honoré, C., Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Bessagnet, B., Malherbe, L., Méleux, F., Dufour, A., Elichegaray, C., Flaud, J.-M., Menut, L., Martin, D., Peuch, A., Peuch, V.-H., and Poisson, N.: PREV'AIR: an operational forecasting and mapping system for air quality in Europe, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 73–83, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2390.1doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2390.1, 2008. Shafer, J. S., Saxena, V. K., Wenny, B. N., Barnard, W., and De Luisi, J. J.: Observed influence of clouds in ultraviolet-B radiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2625–2628, 1996. Stockwell, W. R., Kirchner, F., Kuhn, M., and Seefeld, S.: A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modelling, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25847–25879, 1997. Tanskanen, A.: Lambertian surface albedo climatology at 360 nm from TOMS data using moving time-window technique. Proc. XX Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, 1–8 June, Kos, Greece., 1159–1160, 2004. Tanskanen, A., Lindfors, A., Määattä, A., Krotkov, N., Herman, J., Kaurola, J., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Fioletov, V., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R., Kondo, Y., O'Neill, M., Slaper, H., den Outer, P., Bais, A. F., and Tamminen, J.: Validation of daily erythemal doses from Ozone Monitoring Instrument with ground-based UV measurement data, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S44, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008830doi:10.1029/2007JD008830, 2007. Teyssèdre, H., Michou, M., Clark, H. L., Josse, B., Karcher, F., Olivié, D., Peuch, V.-H., Saint-Martin, D., Cariolle, D., Attié, J.-L., Nédélec, P., Ricaud, P., Thouret, V., van der A, R. J., Volz-Thomas, A., and Chéroux, F.: A new tropospheric and stratospheric Chemistry and Transport Model MOCAGE-Climat for multi-year studies: evaluation of the present-day climatology and sensitivity to surface processes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5815–5860, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5815-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-5815-2007, 2007. Tourpali, K., Bais, A. F., Kazantzidis, A., Zerefos, C. S., Akiyoshi, H., Austin, J., Brühl, C., Butchart, N., Chipperfield, M. P., Dameris, M., Deushi, M., Eyring, V., Giorgetta, M. A., Kinnison, D. E., Mancini, E., Marsh, D. R., Nagashima, T., Pitari, G., Plummer, D. A., Rozanov, E., Shibata, K., and Tian, W.: Clear sky UV simulations for the 21st century based on ozone and temperature projections from Chemistry-Climate Models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1165–1172, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1165-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1165-2009, 2009. van Geffen, J., van der A, R., van Weele, M., Allaart, M., and Eskes, H.: Surface UV radiation monitoring based on GOME and SCIAMACHY, Proceedings of the ENVISAT and ERS Symposium, 6-10 September 2004, Salzburg, Austria, ESA publication SP-572, 2005. Williamson, D. L. and Rash, P. J.: Two-dimensional semi-lagrangian transport with shape-preserving interpolation, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 102–129, 1989. World Health Organisation (WHO), Global Solar UV Index: A practical Guide, available online at: http://www.who.int/uv/publications/en/GlobalUVI.pdf, 2002. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No 50, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.