References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-13339-2011

Source apportionment of the summer time carbonaceous aerosol at Nordic rural background sites

Yttri

K. E.

¹ Simpson

² ³ Nøjgaard

J. K.

⁴ Kristensen

⁵ Genberg

⁶ Stenström

⁶ Swietlicki

⁶ Hillamo

⁷ Aurela

⁷ Bauer

⁸ Offenberg

J. H.

⁹ Jaoui

¹⁰ Dye

¹ Eckhardt

¹ Burkhart

J. F.

¹ Stohl

¹ Glasius

⁵

NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway

EMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Department Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark

Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

Lund University, Department of Physics, Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund, Sweden

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland

Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

Alion Science and Technology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

22 12 2011

11 24 13339 13357

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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In the present study, natural and anthropogenic sources of particulate organic carbon (OCp) and elemental carbon (EC) have been quantified based on weekly filter samples of PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm) collected at four Nordic rural background sites [Birkenes (Norway), Hyytiälä (Finland), Vavihill (Sweden), Lille Valby, (Denmark)] during late summer (5 August–2 September 2009). Levels of source specific tracers, i.e. cellulose, levoglucosan, mannitol and the 14C/12C ratio of total carbon (TC), have been used as input for source apportionment of the carbonaceous aerosol, whereas Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) was used to statistically treat the multitude of possible combinations resulting from this approach. The carbonaceous aerosol (here: TCp; i.e. particulate TC) was totally dominated by natural sources (69–86%), with biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) being the single most important source (48–57%). Interestingly, primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) were the second most important source (20–32%). The anthropogenic contribution was mainly attributed to fossil fuel sources (OCff and ECff) (10–24%), whereas no more than 3–7% was explained by combustion of biomass (OCbb and ECbb) in this late summer campaign i.e. emissions from residential wood burning and/or wild/agricultural fires. Fossil fuel sources totally dominated the ambient EC loading, which accounted for 4–12% of TCp, whereas <1.5% of EC was attributed to combustion of biomass. The carbonaceous aerosol source apportionment showed only minor variation between the four selected sites. However, Hyytiälä and Birkenes showed greater resemblance to each other, as did Lille Valby and Vavihill, the two latter being somewhat more influenced by anthropogenic sources. Ambient levels of organosulphates and nitrooxy-organosulphates in the Nordic rural background environment are reported for the first time in the present study. The most abundant organosulphate compounds were an organosulphate of isoprene and nitrooxy-organosulphates of α- and β-pinene and limonene.

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