Bergamaschi, P., Lowe, D. C., Manning, M. R., Moss, R., Bromley, T., and Clarkson, T. S.: Transects of atmospheric CO, CH
4, and their isotopic composition across the Pacific: Shipboard measurements and validation of inverse models, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7993–8011, 2001.
Birner, T. and Bönisch, H.: Residual circulation trajectories and transit times into the extratropical lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 817–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-817-2011, 2011.
Bönisch, H., Engel, A., Birner, Th., Hoor, P., Tarasick, D. W., and Ray, E. A.: On the structural changes in the Brewer-Dobson circulation after 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3937–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3937-2011, 2011.
Boering, K. A., Wofsy, S. C., Daube, B. C., Schneider, H. R., Loewenstein, M., and Podolske, J. R.: Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, Science, 274, 1340–1343, 1996.
Brass, M. and Röckmann, T.: Continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for carbon and hydrogen isotope measurements on atmospheric methane, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1707–1721, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-1707-2010, 2010.
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Lowe, D. C., Manning, M. R., Sparks, R. J., and Velthoven, P. F. J. v.: The
13C,
14C, and
18O isotopic composition of CO, CH
4 and CO
2 in the higher southern latitudes lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 26163–26172, 1995.
Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Müller, R., Crutzen, P. J., Lowe, D. C., Manning, M. R., Sparks, R. J., and Velthoven, P. J. v.: A large
13CO deficit in the lower Antarctic stratosphere due to "ozone hole" chemistry: Part 1, observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2125–2128, 1996.
Brewer, A. W.: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 75, 351–363, 1949.
Dlugokencky, E. J., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., and Tans, P. P.: Continuing decline in the growth rate of the atmospheric methane burden, Nature, 393, 447–450, 1998.
Dlugokencky, E. J., Myers, R. C., Lang, P. M., Masarie, K. A., Crotwell, A. M., Thoning, K. W., Hall, B. D., Elkins, J. W., and Steele, L. P.: Conversion of NOAA atmospheric dry air CH
4 mole fractions to a gravimetrically prepared standard scale, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18306, https://doi.org/18310.11029/12005jd006035, 2005.
Engel, A., Möbius, T., Haase, H.-P., Bönisch, H., Wetter, T., Schmidt, U., Levin, I., Reddmann, T., Oelhaf, H., Wetzel, G., Grunow, K., Huret, N., and Pirre, M.: Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 267–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-267-2006, 2006.
Erikson, E.: Deuterium and oxygen-18 in precipitation and other natural waters: Some theoretical considerations, Tellus, 17, 498–512, 1965.
Gierzak, T., Talukdar, R. K., Herndon, S. C., Vaghjiani, G. L., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Rate coefficients for reactions of hydroxyl radicals with methane and deuterated methanes, J. Phys. Chem., 101, 3125–3134, 1997.
Griffith, D. W. T., Toon, G. C., Sen, B., Blavier, J.-F., and Toth, R. A.: Vertical profiles of nitrous oxide isotopomer fractionation measured in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2485–2488, 2000.
Holton, J. R.: A dynamically based transport parameterization for one-dimensional photochemical models of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2681–2686, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD02p02681, 1986.
Irion, F. W., Moyer, E. J., Gunson, M. R., Rinsland, C. P., Yung, Y. L., Michelsen, H. A., Salawitch, R. J., Chang, A. Y., Newchurch, M. J., Abbas, M. M., Abrams, M. C., and Zander, R.: Stratospheric observations of CH
3D and HDO from ATMOS infrared solar spectra: Enrichments of deuterium in methane and implications for HD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2381–2384, 1996.
Kaiser, J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., and Röckmann, T.: Intramolecular
15N and
18O fractionation in the reaction of N
2O with O(
1D) and its implications for the stratospheric N
2O isotope signature, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001506, 2002a.
Kaiser, J., Röckmann, T., and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Temperature dependence of isotope fractionation in N
2O photolysis, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4, 4420–4430, https://doi.org/4410.1039/b204837j, 2002b.
Kaiser, J., Engel, A., Borchers, R., and Röckmann, T.: Probing stratospheric transport and chemistry with new balloon and aircraft observations of the meridional and vertical N
2O isotope distribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3535–3556, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3535-2006, 2006.
Kaye, J. A.: Mechanisms and observations for isotope fractionation of molecular-species in planetary atmospheres, Rev. Geophys., 25, 1609–1658, 1987.
Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., Brass, M., and Röckmann, T.: Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions, Nature, 439, 187–191, https://doi.org/110.1038/nature04420, 2006.
Keppler, F., Hamilton, J. T. G., McRoberts, W. C., Vigano, I., Brass, M., and Röckmann, T.: Methoxyl groups of plant pectin as a precursor of atmospheric methane: evidence from deuterium labelling studies, New Phytol., 178, 808–814, 2008.
Kida, H.: General-circulation of air parcels and transport characteristics derived from a hemispheric GCM, 2. Very long-term motions of air parcels in the troposphere and stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jap., 61, 510–522, 1983.
Lowe, D. C., Manning, M. R., Brailsford, G. W., and Bromley, A. M.: The 1991–1992 atmospheric methane anomaly: Southern hemisphere C-13 decrease and growth rate fluctuations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 857–860, 1997.
Mahlman, J. D., Levy II, H., and Moxim, W. J.: Three-dimensional simulations of stratospheric N
2O: Predictions for other trace constituents., J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2687–2707. (Correction, J. Geophys. Res., 2691, 9921, https://doi.org/10.1029/JD091iD02p02687, 1986.
McCarthy, M. C., Boering, K. A., Rice, A. L., Tyler, S. C., Connell, P., and Atlas, E.: Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of stratospheric methane: 2. Two-dimensional model results and implications for kinetic isotope effects, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4461, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003183, 2003.
Michelsen, H. A., Manney, G. L., Gunson, M. R., Rinsland, C. P., and Zander, R.: Correlations of stratospheric abundances of CH
4 and N
2O derived from ATMOS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2777–2780, 1998.
Miller, J. B., Mack, K. A., Dissly, R., White, J. W. C., Dlugokencky, E. J., and Tans, P. P.: Development of analytical methods and measurements of
13C/
12C in atmospheric CH
4 from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4178, https://doi.org/4110.1029/2001JD000630, 2002.
Park, S. Y., Atlas, E. L., and Boering, K. A.: Measurements of N
2O isotopologues in the stratosphere: Influence of transport on the apparent enrichment factors and the isotopologue fluxes to the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D01305, https://doi.org/01310.01029/02003JD003731, 2004.
Plumb, R. A.: A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3957–3972, 1996.
Plumb, R. A. and Ko, M. K. W.: Interrelationships between mixing ratios of long lived stratospheric constituents, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10145–10156, 1992.
Quay, P., Stutsman, J., Wilbur, D., Snover, A., Dlugokencky, E., and Brown, T.: The isotopic composition of atmospheric methane, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13, 445–461, 1999.
Rahn, T., Zhang, H., Wahlen, M., and Blake, G. A.: Stable isotope fractionation during ultraviolet photolysis of N
2O, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4489–4492, 1998.
Rice, A. L., Gotoh, A. A., Ajie, H. O., and Tyler, S. C.: High-precision continuous-flow measurement of δ
13C and δ
D of atmospheric CH
4, Anal. Chem., 73, 4104–4110, 2001.
Rice, A. L., Tyler, S. C., McCarthy, M. C., Boering, K. A., and Atlas, E.: Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of stratospheric methane: 1. High-precision observations from the NASA ER-2 aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4460, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003042, 2003.
Ridal, M. and Siskind, D. E.: A two-dimensional simulation of the isotopic composition of water vapor and methane in the upper atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4807, https://doi.org/4810.1029/2002JD002215, 2002.
Röckmann, T., Kaiser, J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Crowley, J. N., Borchers, R., Brand, W. A., and Crutzen, P. J.: Isotopic enrichment of nitrous oxide ($^{15}
N^{14}$NO, $^{14}
N^{15}$NO, $^{14}
N^{14}
N^{18}$O) in the stratosphere and in the laboratory, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10403–10410, 2001.
Saueressig, G., Bergamaschi, P., Crowley, J. N., Fischer, H., and Harris, G. W.: Carbon kinetic isotope effect in the reaction of CH
4 with Cl atoms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1225–1228, 1995.
Saueressig, G., Bergamaschi, P., Crowley, J. N., Fischer, H., and Harris, G. W.: D/H kinetic isotope effect in the reaction CH
4 + Cl, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3619–3622, 1996.
Saueressig, G., Crowley, J. N., Bergamaschi, P., Brühl, C., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., and Fischer, H.: Carbon 13 and D kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of CH
4 with O(
1D) and OH: New laboratory measurements and their implications for the isotopic composition of stratospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23127–23138, 2001.
Schmidt, U., Kulessa, G., Klein, E., Roth, E. P., Fabian, P., and Borchers, R.: Intercomparison of balloon-borne cryogenic whole air samplers during the Map-Globus 1983 campaign, Planet. Space Sci., 35, 647–656, 1987.
Simpson, I. J., Blake, D. R., Rowland, F. S., and Chen, T. Y.: Implications of the recent fluctuations in the growth rate of tropospheric methane, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1479, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014521, 2002.
Sugawara, S., Nakazawa, T., Shirakawa, Y., Kawamura, K., and Aoki, S.: Vertical profile of the carbon isotopic ratio of stratospheric methane over Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2989–2992, 1997.
Tarasova, O. A., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Assonov, S. S., Elansky, N. F., Röckmann, T., and Brass, M.: Atmospheric CH
4 along the Trans-Siberian railroad (TROICA) and river Ob: Source identification using stable isotope analysis, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5617–5628, 2006.
Toyoda, S., Yoshida, N., Urabe, T., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., and Honda, H.: Fractionation of N
2O isotopomers in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7515–7522, 2001.
Tyler, S. C., Ajie, H. O., Gupta, M. L., Cicerone, R. J., Blake, D. R., and Dlugokencky, E. J.: Stable carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric methane: A comparison of surface level and free tropospheric air, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13895–13910, 1999.
Vigano, I., Röckmann, T., Holzinger, R., van Dijk, A., Keppler, F., Greule, M., Brand, W. A., Geilmann, H., and van Weelden, H.: The stable isotope signature of methane emitted from plant material under UV irradiation, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5637–5646, https://doi.org/5610.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.5607.5046, 2009.
Vigano, I., Holzinger, R., Keppler, F., Greule, M., Brand, W. A., Geilmann, H., van Weelden, H., and Röckmann, T.: Water drives the deuterium content of the methane emitted from plants, Geochim. Cosmochim. Act., 74, 3865–3873, 2010.
Volk, C. M., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Dutton, G. S., Gilligan, J. M., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., and Gunson, M. R.: Quantifying transport between the tropical and mid-latitude lower stratosphere, Science, 272, 1763–1768, 1996.
Wahlen, M.: The Global Methane Cycle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 21, 407–426, 1993.
Wahlen, M., Tanaka, N., Henty, R., Deck, B., Zeglen, J., Vogel, J. S., Southon, J., Shemesh, A., Fairbanks, R., and Broecker, W.: Carbon-14 in methane sources and in atmospheric methane: The contribution from fossil carbon, Science, 245, 286–290, 1989.
Wang, J. S., McElroy, M. B., Spivakovsky, C. M., and Jones, D. B. A.: On the contribution of anthropogenic Cl to the increase in δ
13C of atmospheric methane, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1047, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2001GB001572, 2002.
Waugh, D. W. and Rong, P. P.: Interannual variability in the decay of lower stratospheric Arctic vortices, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 80, 997–1012, 2002.
Waugh, D. W., Plumb, R. A., Elkins, J. W., Fahey, D. W., Boering, K. A., Dutton, G. S., Volk, C. M., Keim, E., Gao, R. S., Daube, B. C., Wofsy, S. C., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J. R., Chan, K. R., Proffitt, M. H., Kelly, K., Newman, P. A., and Lait, L. R.: Mixing of polar vortex air into middle latitudes as revealed by tracer-tracer scatterplots, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13119–13134, 1997.
WMO: (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2002, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report Nr 47, Geneva, 498 pp., 2003.
Zahn, A., Franz, P., Bechtel, C., Groo{ß}, J.-U., and Röckmann, T.: Modelling the budget of middle atmospheric water vapour isotopes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2073–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2073-2006, 2006.
