References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-12865-2011

Growth rates of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä during 2003−2009: variation with particle size, season, data analysis method and ambient conditions

Yli-Juuti

¹ Nieminen

¹ Hirsikko

¹ Aalto

P. P.

¹ Asmi

² Hõrrak

³ Manninen

H. E.

¹ Patokoski

¹ Dal Maso

¹ Petäjä

¹ Rinne

¹ Kulmala

¹ Riipinen

¹ ⁴

Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland

Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia

Department of Applied Environmental Science and Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden

20 12 2011

11 24 12865 12886

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/12865/2011/acp-11-12865-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/12865/2011/acp-11-12865-2011.pdf

The condensational growth rate of aerosol particles formed in atmospheric new particle formation events is one of the most important factors influencing the lifetime of these particles and their ability to become climatically relevant. Diameter growth rates (GR) of nucleation mode particles were studied based on almost 7 yr of data measured during the years 2003–2009 at a boreal forest measurement station SMEAR II in Hyytiälä, Finland. The particle growth rates were estimated using particle size distributions measured with a Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS), a Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer (BSMA) and an Air Ion Spectrometer (AIS). Two GR analysis methods were tested. The particle growth rates were also compared to an extensive set of ambient meteorological parameters and trace gas concentrations to investigate the processes/constituents limiting the aerosol growth. The median growth rates of particles in the nucleation mode size ranges with diameters of 1.5–3 nm, 3–7 nm and 7–20 nm were 1.9 nm h−1, 3.8 nm h−1, and 4.3 nm h−1, respectively. The median relative uncertainties in the growth rates due to the size distribution instrumentation in these size ranges were 25%, 19%, and 8%, respectively. For the smallest particles (1.5–3 nm) the AIS data yielded on average higher growth rate values than the BSMA data, and higher growth rates were obtained from positively charged size distributions as compared with negatively charged particles. For particles larger than 3 nm in diameter no such systematic differences were found. For these particles the uncertainty in the growth rate related to the analysis method, with relative uncertainty of 16%, was similar to that related to the instruments. The growth rates of 7–20 nm particles showed positive correlation with monoterpene concentrations and their oxidation rate by ozone. The oxidation rate by OH did not show a connection with GR. Our results indicate that the growth of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä is mainly limited by the concentrations of organic precursors.

References 1

Asmi, E., Kivekäs, N., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Hatakka, J., Viisanen, Y., and Lihavainen, H.: Secondary new particle formation in Northern Finland Pallas site between the years 2000 and 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 25709–25750, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-25709-2011doi:10.5194/acpd-11-25709-2011, 2011.

Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J. M., Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C. D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C., Väkevä, M., Koponen, I. K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus B, 53, 344–358, 2001.

Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Bower, K. N., Coe, H., Jayne, J. T., Worsnop, D. R., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., Hyötyläinen, T., Cavalli, F., and Laaksonen, A.: Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 315–327, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-315-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-315-2006, 2006.

Barsanti, K. C., McMurry, P. H., and Smith, J. N.: The potential contribution of organic salts to new particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2949–2957, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2949-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-2949-2009, 2009.

Birmili, W., Berresheim, H., Plass-Dülmer, C., Elste, T., Gilge, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Uhrner, U.: The Hohenpeissenberg aerosol formation experiment (HAFEX): a long-term study including size-resolved aerosol, H2SO4, OH, and monoterpenes measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 361–376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-361-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-361-2003, 2003.

Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Picard, D., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Collaud Coen, M., Bütikofer, R., Flückiger, E., Baltensperger, U., and Laj, P.: New particle formation and ultrafine charged aerosol climatology at a high altitude site in the Alps (Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9333–9349, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9333-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9333-2010, 2010.

Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Ruuskanen, T. M., Pihlatie, M., Reissell, A., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Dal Maso, M., Hellen, H., Hakola, H., Jansson, R., Hanke, M., and Arnold, F.: Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 863–878, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-863-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-863-2005, 2005.

Boy, M., Karl, T., Turnipseed, A., Mauldin, R. L., Kosciuch, E., Greenberg, J., Rathbone, J., Smith, J., Held, A., Barsanti, K., Wehner, B., Bauer, S., Wiedensohler, A., Bonn, B., Kulmala, M., and Guenther, A.: New particle formation in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1577–1590, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1577-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-1577-2008, 2008.

Cheung, H. C., Morawska, L., and Ristovski, Z. D.: Observation of new particle formation in subtropical urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3823–3833, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3823-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-3823-2011, 2011.

Dal Maso, M., Kulmala M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of freshatmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR~II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323–336, 2005.

de Gouw, J. and Warneke, C.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 223–257, 2007.

Fiedler, V., Dal Maso, M., Boy, M., Aufmhoff, H., Hoffmann, J., Schuck, T., Birmili, W., Hanke, M., Uecker, J., Arnold, F., and Kulmala, M.: The contribution of sulphuric acid to atmospheric particle formation and growth: a comparison between boundary layers in Northern and Central Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1773–1785, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-1773-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-1773-2005, 2005.

Fuchs, N. A. and Sutugin, A. G.: Highly Dispersed Aerosols, Ann Arbor Science Publisher, Ann Arbor, 1970.

Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Keminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis on one year of Ion-DMPS data from the SMEAR II station, Finland, Tellus B, 60, 318–329, 2008.

Gagné, S., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Schobesberger, S., Franchin, A., Yli-Juuti, T., Boulon, J., Sonntag, A., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Hõrrak, U., Petäjä, T., Asmi, E., and Kulmala, M.: Intercomparison of air ion spectrometers: an evaluation of results in varying conditions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 805–822, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-805-2011doi:10.5194/amt-4-805-2011, 2011.

Guenther, A., Zimmerman, P., Harley, P., Monson, R., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: Model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 12609–12617, 1993.

Hakola, H, Tarvainen, V., Laurila, T., Hiltunen, V., Hellen, H., and Keronen, P.: Seasonal variation of VOC concentrations above a boreal coniferous forest, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1623–1634, 2003.

Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M. C., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Nucleation and growth of new particles in Po Valley, Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 355–376, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-355-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-355-2007, 2007.

Hao, L. Q., Romakkaniemi, S., Yli-Pirilä, P., Joutsensaari, J., Kortelainen, A., Kroll, J. H., Miettinen, P., Vaattovaara, P., Tiitta, P., Jaatinen, A., Kajos, M. K., Holopainen, J. K., Heijari, J., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., Smith, J. N., and Laaksonen, A.: Mass yields of secondary organic aerosols from the oxidation of α-pinene and real plant emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1367–1378, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1367-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1367-2011, 2011.

Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 315–322, 2005.

Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Hõrrak, U., Aalto, P. P., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 357–369, 2005.

Hirsikko, A., Nieminen, T., Gagné, S., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., Ehn, M., Hõrrak, U., Kerminen, V.-M., Laakso, L., McMurry, P. H., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Petäjä, T., Tammet, H., Vakkari, V., Vana, M., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 767–798, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-767-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-767-2011, 2011.

Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., Aalto, P. P., and Kulmala, M.: On the charge distribution on nanometer aerosol particles in the atmosphere during nucleation burst events at boreal forest, Helsinki, Report Series in Aerosol Science, 68, 94–99, 2004a.

Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., Aalto, P. P., and Kulmala, M.: Charging state of nanometer aerosol particles in the atmosphere during nucleation burst events at boreal forest, in: Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2004: 16th International Conf., edited by Kasahara, M. and Kulmala, M., 307–310, 2004b.

Hussein, T., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Koponen, I. K., Paatero, P., Aalto, P. P., Hämeri, K., and Kulmala, M.: Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distribution, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 337–355, 2005.

Hyvönen, S., Junninen, H., Laakso, L., Dal Maso, M., Grönholm, T., Bonn, B., Keronen, P., Aalto, P., Hiltunen, V., Pohja, T., Launiainen, S., Hari, P., Mannila, H., and Kulmala, M.: A look at aerosol formation using data mining techniques, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3345–3356, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-3345-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-3345-2005, 2005.

Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., and Smith, J. N.: Estimating nanoparticle growth rates from size-dependent charged fractions: Analysis of the new particle formation events in Mexico City, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05207, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009260doi:10.1029/2007JD009260, 2008.

Jimenez, J. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Donahue, N. M., Prevot, A. S. H., Zhang, Q., Kroll, J. H., DeCarlo, P. F., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Ng, N. L., Aiken, A. C., Docherty, K. S., Ulbrich, I. M., Grieshop, A. P., Robinson, A. L., Duplissy, J., Smith, J. D., Wilson, K. R., Lanz, V. A., Hueglin, C., Sun, Y. L., Tian, J., Laaksonen, A., Raatikainen, T., Rautiainen, J., Vaattovaara, P., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Tomlinson, J. M., Collins, D. R., Cubison, M. J., Dunlea, E. J., Huffman, J. A., Onasch, T. B., Alfarra, M. R., Williams, P. I., Bower, K., Kondo, Y., Schneider, J., Drewnick, F., Borrmann, S., Weimer, S., Demerjian, K., Salcedo, D., Cottrell, L., Griffin, R., Takami, A., Miyoshi, T., Hatakeyama, S., Shimono, A., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Dzepina, K., Kimmel, J. R., Sueper, D., Jayne, J. T., Herndon, S. C., Trimborn, A. M., Williams, L. R., Wood, E. C., Middlebrook, A. M., Kolb, C. E., Baltensperger, U., and Worsnop, D. R.: Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere, Science, 326, 1525–1529, 2009.

Kerminen, V.-M. and Kulmala, M.: Analytical formulae connecting the "real" and the "apparent" nucleation rate and the nuclei number concentration for atmospheric nucleation events, J. Aerosol Sci., 33, 609–622, 2002.

Kerminen, V.-M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M.: Dynamics of atmospheric nucleation mode particles: a timescale analysis, Tellus B, 56, 135–146, 2004.

Kristensson, A., Dal Maso, M., Swietlicki, E., Hussein, T., Zhou, J., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Characterization of new particle formation events at a background site in Southern Sweden: relation to air mass history, Tellus B, 60, 330–344, 2008.

Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., McCormick, A. V., and Eisele, F. L.: Dependence of nucleation rates on sulfuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric locations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009253doi:10.1029/2007JD009253, 2008.

Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., and McCormick, A. V.: Determination of cloud condensation nuclei production from measured new particle formation events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09822, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037584doi:10.1029/2009GL037584, 2009.

Kuang, C., Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., McCormick, A. V., and McMurry, P. H.: An improved criterion for new particle formation in diverse atmospheric environments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8469–8480, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8469-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-8469-2010, 2010.

Kuang, C., Chen, M., Zhao, J., Smith, J., McMurry, P. H., and Wang, J.: First size-dependent growth rate measurements of 1 to 5 nm freshly formed atmospheric nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 25427–25471, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-25427-2011doi:10.5194/acpd-11-25427-2011, 2011.

Kulmala, M., Toivonen, A., Mäkelä, J. M., and Laaksonen, A.: Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in boreal forest, Tellus B, 50, 449–462, 1998.

Kulmala, M., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P. P., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., Nilsson, E. D., Buzorius, G., Rannik, Ü., Dal Maso, M., Seidl, W., Hoffman, T., Janson, R., Hansson, H.-C., Viisanen, Y., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Overview of the international project on biogenic aerosol formation in the boreal forest, Tellus B, 53, 324–343, 2001.

Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Anttila, T., Anttila, T., Laaksonen, A., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Organic aerosol formation via sulphate cluster activation, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003961doi:10.1029/2003JD003961, 2004c.

Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Riipinen, I., Dal Maso, M., Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Hõrrak, U., Vana, M., and Tammet, H.: Initial steps of aerosol growth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2553–2560, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-2553-2004doi:10.5194/acp-4-2553-2004, 2004b.

Kulmala, M., Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, Aerosol Science, 35, 143–176, 2004a.

Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Mönkkönen, P., Koponen, I. K., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kerminen, V.-M.: On the growth of nucleation mode particles: source rates of condensable vapor in polluted and clean environments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 409–416, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-409-2005doi:10.5194/acp-5-409-2005, 2005.

Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787–793, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-787-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-787-2006, 2006.

Kulmala, M., Mordas, G., Petäjä, T., Grönholm, T., Aalto, P. P., Vehkamäki, H., Hienola, A. I., Herrmann, E., Sipilä, M., Riipinen, I., Manninen, H. E., Hämeri, K., Stratmann, F., Bilde, M., Winkler, P. M., Birmili, W., and Wagner, P. E.: The condensation particle counter battery (CPCB): A new tool to investigate the activation properties of nanoparticles, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 289–304, 2007.

Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Junninen, H., Dal Maso, M., Mordas, G., Mirme, A., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Harrison, R. M., Hanson, I., Leung, C., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation, Science, 318, 89–92, 2007.

Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Paatero, J., Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933–1943, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004doi:10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004, 2004.

Laakso, L., Gagné, S., Petäjä, T., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P. P., Kulmala, M., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1333–1345, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1333-2007, 2007a.

Laakso, L., Grönholm, T., Kulmala, L., Haapanala, S., Hirsikko, A., Lovejoy, E.R., Kazil, J., Kurtén, T., Boy, M., Nilsson, E.D., Sogachev, A., Riipinen, I., Stratmann, F., and Kulmala, M.: Hot-air balloon as a platform for boundary layer profile measurements during particle formation, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 279–294, 2007b.

Laaksonen, A., Kulmala, M., O'Dowd, C. D., Joutsensaari, J., Vaattovaara, P., Mikkonen, S., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Sogacheva, L., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P., Petäjä, T., Sogachev, A., Yoon, Y. J., Lihavainen, H., Nilsson, D., Facchini, M. C., Cavalli, F., Fuzzi, S., Hoffmann, T., Arnold, F., Hanke, M., Sellegri, K., Umann, B., Junkermann, W., Coe, H., Allan, J. D., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Riekkola, M. -L., Hyötyläinen, T., and Viisanen, Y.: The role of VOC oxidation products in continental new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2657–2665, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2657-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-2657-2008, 2008.

Lappalainen, H. K., Sevanto, S., Bäck, J., Ruuskanen, T. M., Kolari, P., Taipale, R., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., and Hari, P.: Day-time concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest canopy and their relation to environmental and biological factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5447–5459, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-5447-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-5447-2009, 2009.

Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Kulmala, M.: A model for particle formation and growth in the atmosphere with molecular resolution in size, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 251–257, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-251-2003doi:10.5194/acp-3-251-2003, 2003.

Leppä, J., Anttila, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric new particle formation: real and apparent growth of neutral and charged particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4939–4955, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4939-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-4939-2011, 2011.

Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS): on-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at ppt levels, Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, 347–354, 1998.

Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S., Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Tör\Ho, N., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G. N., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites – analysis of new particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907–7927, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010, 2010.

McMurry, P. H. and Wilson, J. C.: Growth laws for the formation of secondary ambient aerosol: Implications for chemical conversion mechanisms, Atmos. Environ., 16, 121–134, 1982.

Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601–8616, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009, 2009.

Mirme, A., Tamm, E., Mordas, G., Vana, M., Uin, J., Mirme, S., Bernotas, T., Laakso, L., Hirsikko, A., and Kulmala, M.: A wide-range multi-channel Air Ion Spectrometer, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 247–264, 2007.

Mäkelä, J. M., Riihelä, M., Ukkonen, A., Jokinen, V., and Keskinen, J.: Comparison of mobility equivalent diameter with Kelvin-Thomson diameter using ion mobility data, J. Chem. Phys., 105, 1562–1571, 1996.

Mäkelä, J. M., Dal Maso, M., Pirjola, L., Keronen, P., Laakso, L., Kulmala, M., and Laaksonen, A.: Characteristics of the atmospheric particle formation events observed at a boreal forest site in southern Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 5, 299–313, 2000.

Neitola, K., Asmi, E., Komppula, M., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Raatikainen, T., Panwar, T. S., Sharma, V. P., and Lihavainen, H.: New particle formation infrequently observed in Himalayan foothills – why?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8447–8458, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8447-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8447-2011, 2011.

Nieminen, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kulmala, M.: Sub-10 nm particle growth by vapor condensation – effects of vapor molecule size and particle thermal speed, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9773–9779, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9773-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9773-2010, 2010.

O'Dowd, C. D., Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Kulmala, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Atmospheric particles from organic vapours, Nature, 416, 497–498, 2002.

Petäjä, T., Mauldin III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Boy, M., Adamov, A., Kotiaho, T., and Kulmala, M.: Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7435–7448, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009, 2009.

Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Efficiency of cloud condensation nuclei formation from ultrafine particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1367–1379, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1367-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1367-2007, 2007.

Pirjola, L., Kulmala, M., Wilck, M., Bischoff, A., Stratmann, F., and Otto, E.: Formation of sulphuric acid aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei: an expression for significant nucleation and model comparison, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 1079–1094, 1999.

Place Jr., P. F., Ziemba, L. D., and Griffin, R. J.: Observations of nucleation-mode particle events and size distributions at a rural New England site, Atmos. Environ., 44, 88–94, 2010.

Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Dal Maso, M., Birmili, W., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III�IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1899–1914, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1899-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1899-2007, 2007.

Riipinen, I., Manninen, H. E., Yli-Juuti, T., Boy, M., Sipilä, M., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Applying the Condensation Particle Counter Battery (CPCB) to study the water-affinity of freshly-formed 2–9 nm particles in boreal forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3317–3330, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3317-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3317-2009, 2009.

Riipinen, I., Pierce, J. R., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Häkkinen, S., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Petäjä, T., Slowik, J., Chang, R., Shantz, N. C., Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W. R., Kerminen, V.-M., Worsnop, D. R., Pandis, S. N., Donahue, N. M., and Kulmala, M.: Organic condensation: a vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3865–3878, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011, 2011.

Rohrer, F. and Berresheim, H.: Strong correlation between levels of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals and solar ultraviolet radiation, Nature, 442, 184–187, 2006.

Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Korhonen, H., Arnold, F., Janson, R., Boy, M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4079–4091, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4079-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-4079-2006, 2006.

Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin III, R. L., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243–1246, 2010.

Smith, J. N., Dunn, M. J., VanReken, T. M., Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., and Huey, L. G.: Chemical composition of atmospheric nanoparticles formed from nucleation in Tecamac, Mexico: Evidence for an important role for organic species in nanoparticle growth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04808, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032523doi:10.1029/2007GL032523, 2008.

Smith, J. N., Barsanti, K. C., Friedli, H. R., Ehn, M., Kulmala, M., Collins, D. R., Scheckman, J. H., Williams, B. J., and McMurry, P. H.: Observations of aminium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications, P. Natl. Aacad. Sci., 107, 6634–6639, 2010.

Sogacheva, L., Saukkonen, L., Nilsson, E. D., Dal Maso, M., Schultz, D., de Leeuw, G., and Kulmala, M.: New aerosol particle formation in different synoptic situations at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, Tellus B, 60, 485–494, 2008.

Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L (Eds.): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Sihto, S.-L., Riipinen, I., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., and Lihavainen, H.: Contribution of particle formation to global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06808, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL033038doi:10.1029/2007GL033038, 2008.

Stolzenburg, M. R., McMurry, P. H., Sakurai, H., Smith, J. N., Mauldin III, R. L., Eisele, F. L., and Clement, C. F.: Growth rates of freshly nucleated atmospheric particles in Atlanta, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22S05, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005935doi:10.1029/2005JD005935, 2005.

Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Hirsikko, A., Bergman, T., Laakso, L., Aalto, P. P., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H., Zegelin, S., Hughes, D., van Gorsel, E., Kitchen, M., Vana, M., Hõrrak, U., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Sevanto, S., Twining, J., and Tadros, C.: Formation and characteristics of ions and charged aerosol particles in a native Australian Eucalypt forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 129–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-129-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-129-2008, 2008.

Svenningsson, B., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Holst, T., Massling, A., Swietlicki, E., Hirsikko, A., Junninen, H., Riipinen, I., Vana, M., Dal Maso, M., Hussein, T., and Kulmala, M.: Aerosol particle formation events and analysis of growth rates observed above a subarctic wetland-forest mosaic, Tellus B, 60, 353–364, 2008.

Taipale, R., Ruuskanen, T. M., Rinne, J., Kajos, M. K., Hakola, H., Pohja, T., and Kulmala, M.: Technical Note: Quantitative long-term measurements of VOC concentrations by PTR-MS – measurement, calibration, and volume mixing ratio calculation methods, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6681–6698, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6681-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-6681-2008, 2008.

Tammet, H.: Balance Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA, in: Nucleation and Atmsopheric Aerosols 2004, 16th International Conference, Kyoto 2004, edited by: Kasahara, M. and Kulmala, M., 294–297, 2004.

Tammet, H.: Continuous scanning of the mobility and size distribution of charged cluster and nanometer particles in atmospheric air and the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA, Atmos. Res., 82, 523–535, 2006.

Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kerminen, V.-M., Ström, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261–263, 2006.

Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3333–3346, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3333-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-3333-2011, 2011.

Venzac, H., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Villani, P., Bonasoni, P., Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Calzolari, F., Fuzzi, S., Decesari, S., Facchini, M.-C., Vuillermoz, E., and Verza, G. P.: High frequency new particle formation in the Himalayas, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 105, 15666–15671, 2008.

Virkkula, A., Hirsikko, A., Vana, M., Aalto, P. P., Hillamo, R., and Kulmala, M.: Charged particle size distributions and analysis of particle formation events at the Finnish Antarctic research station Aboa, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 397–408, 2007.

Weber, R. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., and Tanner, D. J.: Measurement of expected nucleation precursor species and 3-500 nm diameter particles at Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2242–2257, 1995.

Weber, R. J., Marti, J. J., McMurry, P. H., Eisele, F. L., Tanner, D. J., and Jefferson, A.: Measurements of new particle formation and ultrafine particle growth rates at a clean continental site, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 4375–4385, 1997.

Wehner, B., Petäjä, T., Boy, M., Engler, C., Birmili, W., Tuch, T., Wiedensohler, A., and Kulmala, M.: The contribution of sulphuric acid and non-volatile compounds on the growth of freshly formed atmospheric aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L17810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023827doi:10.1029/2005GL023827, 2005.

Wu, Z., Hu, M., Liu, S., Wehner, B., Bauer, S., Ma ßling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., and Kulmala, M.: New particle formation in Beijing, China: Statistical analysis of a 1-year data set, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007406doi:10.1029/2006JD007406, 2007.

Yli-Juuti, T., Riipinen, I., Aalto, P. P., Nieminen, T., Maenhaut, W., Janssens, I. A., Claeys, M., Salma, I., Ocskay, R., Hoffer, A., Imre, K., and Kulmala, M.: Characteristics of new particle formation events and cluster ions at K-puszta, Hungary, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 683–698, 2009.

Yue, D. L., Hu, M., Zhang, R. Y., Wang, Z. B., Zheng, J., Wu, Z. J., Wiedensohler, A., He, L. Y., Huang, X. F., and Zhu, T.: The roles of sulfuric acid in new particle formation and growth in the mega-city of Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4953–4960, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4953-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4953-2010, 2010.