ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-11827-2011 Anthropogenic radiative forcing time series from pre-industrial times until 2010 Skeie R. B. 1 Berntsen T. K. 1 2 Myhre G. 1 Tanaka K. 1 3 Kvalevåg M. M. 1 Hoyle C. R. 3 4 Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland now at: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland 29 11 2011 11 22 11827 11857 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/11827/2011/acp-11-11827-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/11827/2011/acp-11-11827-2011.pdf

In order to use knowledge of past climate change to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of the climate system, detailed knowledge about the time development of radiative forcing (RF) of the earth atmosphere system is crucial. In this study, time series of anthropogenic forcing of climate from pre-industrial times until 2010, for all well established forcing agents, are estimated. This includes presentation of RF histories of well mixed greenhouse gases, tropospheric ozone, direct- and indirect aerosol effects, surface albedo changes, stratospheric ozone and stratospheric water vapour. For long lived greenhouse gases, standard methods are used for calculating RF, based on global mean concentration changes. For short lived climate forcers, detailed chemical transport modelling and radiative transfer modelling using historical emission inventories is performed. For the direct aerosol effect, sulphate, black carbon, organic carbon, nitrate and secondary organic aerosols are considered. For aerosol indirect effects, time series of both the cloud lifetime effect and the cloud albedo effect are presented. Radiative forcing time series due to surface albedo changes are calculated based on prescribed changes in land use and radiative transfer modelling. For the stratospheric components, simple scaling methods are used. Long lived greenhouse gases (LLGHGs) are the most important radiative forcing agent with a RF of 2.83&plusmn;0.28 W m<sup>−2</sup> in year 2010 relative to 1750. The two main aerosol components contributing to the direct aerosol effect are black carbon and sulphate, but their contributions are of opposite sign. The total direct aerosol effect was −0.48&plusmn;0.32 W m<sup>−2</sup> in year 2010. Since pre-industrial times the positive RF (LLGHGs and tropospheric O<sub>3</sub>) has been offset mainly by the direct and indirect aerosol effects, especially in the second half of the 20th century, which possibly lead to a decrease in the total anthropogenic RF in the middle of the century. We find a total anthropogenic RF in year 2010 of 1.4 W m<sup>−2</sup>. However, the uncertainties in the negative RF from aerosols are large, especially for the cloud lifetime effect.

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