ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-11361-2011 Evaluations of NO<sub>x</sub> and highly reactive VOC emission inventories in Texas and their implications for ozone plume simulations during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 Kim S.-W. 1 2 McKeen S. A. 1 2 Frost G. J. 1 2 Lee S.-H. 1 2 Trainer M. 2 Richter A. 3 Angevine W. M. 1 2 Atlas E. 4 Bianco L. 1 2 Boersma K. F. 5 6 Brioude J. 1 2 Burrows J. P. 3 7 de Gouw J. 1 2 Fried A. 8 Gleason J. 9 Hilboll A. 3 Mellqvist J. 10 Peischl J. 1 2 Richter D. 8 Rivera C. 10 12 Ryerson T. 2 te Lintel Hekkert S. 11 Walega J. 8 Warneke C. 1 2 Weibring P. 8 Williams E. 1 2 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Germany Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Atmospheric and Marine Chemistry, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, 16 Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK NCAR, Earth Observing Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80307, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Laboratory for Atmosphere, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Earth and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden Sensor Sense, Nijmegen, The Netherlands now at: Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico 16 11 2011 11 22 11361 11386 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/11361/2011/acp-11-11361-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/11361/2011/acp-11-11361-2011.pdf

Satellite and aircraft observations made during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) detected strong urban, industrial and power plant plumes in Texas. We simulated these plumes using the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with input from the US EPA's 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI-2005), in order to evaluate emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub> = NO + NO<sub>2</sub>) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the cities of Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth. We compared the model results with satellite retrievals of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) columns and airborne in-situ observations of several trace gases including NO<sub>x</sub> and a number of VOCs. The model and satellite NO<sub>2</sub> columns agree well for regions with large power plants and for urban areas that are dominated by mobile sources, such as Dallas. However, in Houston, where significant mobile, industrial, and in-port marine vessel sources contribute to NO<sub>x</sub> emissions, the model NO<sub>2</sub> columns are approximately 50%–70% higher than the satellite columns. Similar conclusions are drawn from comparisons of the model results with the TexAQS 2006 aircraft observations in Dallas and Houston. For Dallas plumes, the model-simulated NO<sub>2</sub> showed good agreement with the aircraft observations. In contrast, the model-simulated NO<sub>2</sub> is ~60% higher than the aircraft observations in the Houston plumes. Further analysis indicates that the NEI-2005 NO<sub>x</sub> emissions over the Houston Ship Channel area are overestimated while the urban Houston NO<sub>x</sub> emissions are reasonably represented. The comparisons of model and aircraft observations confirm that highly reactive VOC emissions originating from industrial sources in Houston are underestimated in NEI-2005. The update of VOC emissions based on Solar Occultation Flux measurements during the field campaign leads to improved model simulations of ethylene, propylene, and formaldehyde. Reducing NO<sub>x</sub> emissions in the Houston Ship Channel and increasing highly reactive VOC emissions from the point sources in Houston improve the model's capability of simulating ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) plumes observed by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft, although the deficiencies in the model O<sub>3</sub> simulations indicate that many challenges remain for a full understanding of the O<sub>3</sub> formation mechanisms in Houston.

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