References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-10791-2011

The first estimates of global nucleation mode aerosol concentrations based on satellite measurements

Kulmala

¹ Arola

² Nieminen

¹ Riuttanen

¹ Sogacheva

³ de Leeuw

¹ ³ Kerminen

V.-M.

¹ ³ Lehtinen

K. E. J.

² ⁴

Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Change Unit, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland

Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

02 11 2011

11 21 10791 10801

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10791/2011/acp-11-10791-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10791/2011/acp-11-10791-2011.pdf

Atmospheric aerosols play a key role in the Earth's climate system by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Satellites are increasingly used to obtain information on properties of aerosol particles with a diameter larger than about 100 nm. However, new aerosol particles formed by nucleation are initially much smaller and grow into the optically active size range on time scales of many hours. In this paper we derive proxies, based on process understanding and ground-based observations, to determine the concentrations of these new particles and their spatial distribution using satellite data. The results are applied to provide seasonal variation of nucleation mode concentration. The proxies describe the concentration of nucleation mode particles over continents. The source rates are related to both regional nucleation and nucleation associated with more restricted sources. The global pattern of nucleation mode particle number concentration predicted by satellite data using our proxies is compared qualitatively against both observations and global model simulations.

References 1

% vor jede Referenz Ahlm, L., Nilsson, E. D., Krejci, R., Mårtensson, E. M., Vogt, M., and Artaxo, P.: Aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9381–9400, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9381-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-9381-2009, 2009.

Anderson, H. R.: Air pollution and mortality: A history, Atmos. Environ., 43, 142–152, 2009.

Andreae, M. O.: Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 543–556, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-543-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-543-2009, 2009.

Arneth, A., Unger, N., Kulmala, M., and Andreae, M. O.: Clean the air, heat the planet, Science, 326, 672–673, 2009.

Arneth, A., Harrison, S. P., Zaehle, S., Tsigaridis, K., Menon, S., Bartlein, B. J., Feichter, J., Korhola, A., Kulmala, M., O'Donnell, D., Schurgers, G., Sorvari, S., and Vesala, T.: Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks in the climate system, Nat. Geosci., 3, 525–535, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NGEO905doi:10.1038/NGEO905, 2010.

Brasseur, G. P. and Broecner, E.: Impact of improved air quality on the future evolution of climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23704, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023902doi:10.1029/2005GL023902, 2005.

Dal Maso, M., Sogacheva, L., Anisimov, M. P., Arshinov, M., Baklanov, A., Belan, B., Khodzher, T. V., Obolkin, V. A., Staroverova, A., Vlasov, A., Zagaynov, V. A., Lushnikov, A., Lyubovtseva, Y. S., Riipinen, I., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Aerosol particle formation events at two Siberian stations inside the boreal forest, Boreal Env. Res., 13, 81–92, 2008.

de Leeuw, G., Kinne, S., Leon, J. F., Pelon, J., Rosenfeld, D., Schaap, M., Veefkind, P. J., Veihelmann, B., Winker D. M., and von Hoyningen-Huene W.: Retrieval of aerosol properties, in: The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Composition from Space, Physics of Earth and Space Environments, edited by: Burrows, J. P., Platt, U., and Borrell, P., http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14791-3, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2011.

Fernández-Camacho, R., Rodríguez, S., de la Rosa, J., Sánchez de la Campa, A. M., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., and Querol, X.: Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 9615–9630, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9615-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-9615-2010, 2010.

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Van Dorland, R.: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Avery, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.

Gu, L., Baldocchi, S. B., Verma, T. A., Black, T., Vesala, T., Falge, E., M., and Dowty, P. R.: Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4050, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001242doi:10.1029/2001JD001242, 2002.

Hand, J. L. and Malm, W. C.: Review of aerosol mass scattering efficiencies from ground-based measurements since 1990, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D16203, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008484doi:10.1029/2007JD008484, 2007.

Hao, L. Q., Yli-Pirilä, P., Tiitta, P., Romakkaniemi, S., Vaattovaara, P., Kajos, M. K., Rinne, J., Heijari, J., Kortelainen, A., Miettinen, P., Kroll, J. H., Holopainen, J. K., Smith, J. N., Joutsensaari, J., Kulmala, M., Worsnop, D. R., and Laaksonen, A.: New particle formation from the oxidation of direct emissions of pine seedlings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8121–8137, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8121-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8121-2009, 2009.

Hari, P. and Kulmala, M.: Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II), Boreal Env. Res., 10, 315–322, 2005.

Hoff, R. M. and Christopher, S. A.: Remote sensing of particulate pollution from space: have we reached the promised land, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 59, 645–675, 2009.

Holben, B., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanre, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET – a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998.

Jaatinen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Mikkonen, S., Birmili, W., Wehner, B., Spindler, G., Wiedensohler, A., Decesari, S., Mircea, M., Facchini, M. C., Junninen, H., Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: A comparison of new particle formation events in the boundary layer at three different sites in Europe, Boreal Env. Res., 14, 481–498, 2009.

Jacob, D. and Winner, D. A.: Effect of climate change on air quality, Atmos. Environ., 43, 51–63, 2009.

Kazil, J., Stier, P., Zhang, K., Quaas, J., Kinne, S., O'Donnell, D., Rast, S., Esch, M., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., and Feichter, J.: Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10733–10752, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10733-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10733-2010, 2010.

Kahn, R. A., Li, W.-H., Moroney, C., Diner, D. J., Martonchik, J. V., and Fishbein, E.: Aerosol source plume physical characteristics from space-based multiangle imaging, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007647doi:10.1029/2006JD007647, 2007.

Kahn, R. A., Chewng, Y., Nelson, D. L., Leung, F.-Y., Li, Q., Diner D. J., and Logan, J. A.: Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L04809, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032165doi:10.1029/2007GL032165, 2008.

Kerminen, V.-M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M.: Dynamics of atmospheric nucleation mode particles: A time scale analysis, Tellus B, 56, 135–146, 2004.

Kerminen, V.-M., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Viisanen, Y., and Kulmala, M.: Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L14803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023130doi:10.1029/2005GL023130, 2005.

Kerminen, V.-M., Petäjä, T., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Gagné, S., Laakso, L., Riipinen, I., Vehkamäki, H., Kurten, T., Ortega, I. K., Dal Maso, M., Brus, D., Hyvärinen, A., Lihavainen, H., Leppä, J., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Berndt, T., Stratmann, F., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Metzger, A., Dommen, J., Baltensperger, U., Kiendler-Scharr, A., Mentel, T. F., Wildt, J., Winkler, P. M., Wagner, P. E., Petzold, A., Minikin, A., Plass-Dülmer, C., Pöschl, U., Laaksonen, A., and Kulmala, M.: Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10829–10848, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10829-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10829-2010, 2010.

Kokhanovsky, A. and de Leeuw, G.: Satellite Aerosol Remote Sensing Over Land, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2009.

Kroll, J. H. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: Formation and evolution of low-volatility organis in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 42, 3593–3624, 2008.

Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., McCormick, A. V., and Eisele, F., L.: Dependence of nucleation rates on sulfuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric locations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009253doi:10.1029/2007JD009253, 2008.

Kulmala, M. and Kerminen, V.-M.: On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, Atmos. Res., 90, 132–150, 2008.

Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P. P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K., and O'Dowd, C. D.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus B, 53, 479–490, 2001.

Kulmala, M. Vehkamäki, H., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143–176, 2004.

Kulmala, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Laaksonen, A.: Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 787–793, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-787-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-787-2006, 2006.

Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., Hulkkonen, M., Sogacheva, L., Manninen, H. E., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P. P., Viljanen, A., Usoskin, I., Vainio, R., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Hõrrak, U., Plaß-Dülmer, C., Birmili, W., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Atmospheric data over a solar cycle: no connection between galactic cosmic rays and new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1885–1898, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1885-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-1885-2010, 2010.

Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Paatero, J., Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933–1943, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004doi:10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004, 2004.

Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Hiltunen, L., Cavalli, F., Junkermann, W., Asmi, A., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Cloud condensation nuclei production from nucleation events at a highly polluted region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06812, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022092doi:10.1029/2004GL022092, 2005.

Lamsal, L. N., Martin, R. V., Padmanabhan, A., van Donkelaar, A., Zhang, Q., Sioris, C. E., Change, K., Kusosu, T. P., and Newchurch, M. J.: Application of satellite observations for timely updates to global anthropogenic NO$_\rm x$ emission inventories, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L05810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046476doi:10.1029/2010GL046476, 2011.

Lee, C., Martin, R. V., van Donkelaar, A., Lee, H., Dickerson, R. R., Hains, J. C., Krotkov, N., Richter, A., Vinnikov, K., and Schwab, J. J.: SO<sub>2</sub> emissions and lifetimes: Estimates from inverse modelin using in situ and global, space-based (SCIAMACHY and OMI) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D063304, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014758doi:10.1029/2010JD014758, 2011.

Lehtinen, K. E. J., Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Estimating nucleation rates from apparent particle formation rates and vice versa: Revised formulation of the Kerminen-Kulmala equation, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 988–994, 2007.

Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Eck, T. F.: Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10399–10420, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010, 2010.

Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hatakka, J., Aaltonen, V., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Production of "potential" cloud condensation nuclei associated with atmospheric new-particle formation in northern Finland, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4782, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003887doi:10.1029/2003JD003887, 2003.

Luo, G. and Yu, F.: Sensitivity of global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations to primary sulfate emission parameterizations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1949–1959, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1949-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1949-2011, 2011.

Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Järvenoja, S., Räisänen, P., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Järvinen, H., Lohmann, U., Bennartz, R., Feichter, J., and Kulmala, M.: Sensitivity of aerosol concentrations and cloud properties to nucleation and secondary organic distribution in ECHAM5-HAM global circulation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1747–1766, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1747-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1747-2009, 2009.

Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S., Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Töro, N., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G. N., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites – analysis of new particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907–7927, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010, 2010.

Martin, R. V.: Satellite remote sensing and surface air quality, Atmos. Environ., 42, 7823–7843, 2008.

Martin, S. T., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Baumgardner, D., Chen, Q., Goldstein, A. G., Guenther, A., Heald, C. L., Mayol-Bracero, O. L., McMurry, P. H., Pauliquevis, T., Pösschl, U., Prather, K. A., Roberts, G. C., Saleska, S. R., Silva Dias, M. A., Spracklen, D. V., Swietlicki, E., and Trebs, I.: Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2002, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008RG000280doi:10.1029/2008RG000280, 2010.

McMurry, P. H. and Friedlander, S. K.: New particle formation in the presence of aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 13, 1635–1651, 1979.

Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601–8616, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009, 2009.

Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Effects of boundary layer particle formation on cloud droplet number and changes in cloud albedo from 1850 to 2000, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 695–705, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-695-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-695-2010, 2010.

Metzger, A., Verheggen, B., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prevot, A. S., Weingartner, E., Riipinen, I., Kulmala, M., Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., and Baltensperger, U.: Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 6646–6651, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0911330107doi:10.1073/pnas.0911330107, 2010.

Myhre, G.: Consistency between satellite derived and modeled estimates of the direct aerosol effect, Science, 325, 187–190, 2009.

Muller, J.-P., Denis, M.-A., Dundas, R. D., Mitchell, K. L., Naud, C., and Mannstein, H.: Stereo cloud-top heights and cloud fraction retrieval from ATSR-2, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 28, 1921–1938, 2007.

Nieminen, T., Manninen, H. E., Sihto, S.-L., Yli-Juuti, T., Mauldin III, R. L., Petäjä, T., Riipinen, I., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: Connection of sulfuric acid to atmospheric nucleation in boreal forest, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4715–4721, 2009.

O'Dowd, C. D., Monahan, C., and Dall'Osto, M.: On the occurrence of opean ocean particle production and growth events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L19805, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044679doi:10.1029/2010GL044679, 2010.

Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Plass-Dülmer, C., Flentje, H., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Hõrrak, U., Metzger, A., Hamed, A., Laaksonen, A., Facchini, M. C., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223–11242, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11223-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-11223-2010, 2010.

Petäjä, T., Mauldin, III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Boy, M., Adamov, A., Kotiaho, T., and Kulmala, M.: Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7435–7448, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7435-2009, 2009.

Philippin, S., Laj, P., Putaud, J.-P., Wiedensohler, A., de Leeuw, G., Fjaeraa, A. M., Platt, U., Baltensperger, U., and Fiebig, M.: EUSAAR – An Unprecedented Network of Aerosol Observation in Europe. Earozoru Kenkyu, JAAST, 24(2), 78–83, 2009.

Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emission rates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1339–1356, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-1339-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-1339-2009, 2009.

Pope, C. A. and Dockery, D. W.: Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 56, 709–742, 2006.

Pryor, S. C., Spaulding, A. M., and Barthelmie, R. J.: New particle formation in the Midwestern USA: Event characteristics, meteorological context and vertical profiles, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4413–4425, 2010.

Qian, S., Sakurai, H., and McMurry, P. H.: Characteristics of regional nucleation events in urban East St. Louis, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4119–4127, 2007.

Quaas, J., Ming, Y., Menon, S., Takemura, T., Wang, M., Penner, J. E., Gettelman, A., Lohmann, U., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., Sayer, A. M., Thomas, G. E., McComiskey, A., Feingold, G., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Liu, X., Balkanski, Y., Donner, L. J., Ginoux, P. A., Stier, P., Grandey, B., Feichter, J., Sednev, I., Bauer, S. E., Koch, D., Grainger, R. G., Kirkevåg, A., Iversen, T., Seland, Ø., Easter, R., Ghan, S. J., Rasch, P. J., Morrison, H., Lamarque, J.-F., Iacono, M. J., Kinne, S., and Schulz, M.: Aerosol indirect effects – general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8697–8717, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-8697-2009, 2009.

Raes, F., Liao, H., Chen, W.-T., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric chemistry-climate feedbacks, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12121, doi.10.1029/2009JD013300, 2010.

Riipinen, I., Sihto, S.-L., Kulmala, M., Arnold, F., Dal Maso, M., Birmili, W., Saarnio, K., Teinilä, K., Kerminen, V.-M., Laaksonen, A., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III–IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälá, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1899–1914, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1899-2007doi:10.5194/acp-7-1899-2007, 2007.

Rohrer, F. and Berresheim, H.: Strong correlation between levels of tropospheric hygroxyl radicals solar ultraviolet radiation, Nature, 442, 184–187, 2006.

Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stramann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin III, R. L., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science 327, 1243–1246, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1180315doi:10.1126/science.1180315, 2010.

Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Mann, G. W., and Sihto, S.-L.: The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5631–5648, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-5631-2006doi:10.5194/acp-6-5631-2006, 2006.

Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Sihto, S.-L., Riipinen, I., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., and Lihavainen, H.: Contribution of particle formation to global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06808, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL033038doi:10.1029/2007GL033038, 2008.

Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Reddington, C. L., Pickering, S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Baltensperger, U., Weingartner, E., Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Kivekäs, N., Komppula, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kouvarakis, G., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Weller, R., Gras, J., Laj, P., Sellegri, K., Bonn, B., Krejci, R., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Minikin, A., Harrison, R. M., Talbot, R., and Sun, J.: Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4775–4793, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010doi:10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010, 2010.

Stanier, C. O., Khlystov, A. Y., and Pandis, S. N.: Nucleation events during the Pittsburg Air Quality Study: Description and relation to key meteorological, gas phase, and aerosol parameters, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 38, 253–264, 2004.

Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., van der Werf, G. R., Giglio, L., and Guenther, A.: Global emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons deduced from SCIAMACHY formaldehyde columns through 2003–2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3663–3679, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-3663-2009, 2009.

Suni, T., Kulmala, M., Hirsikko, A., Bergman, T., Laakso, L., Aalto, P. P., Leuning, R., Cleugh, H., Zegelin, S., Hughes, D., van Gorsel, E., Kitchen, M., Vana, M., Hõrrak, U., Mirme, S., Mirme, A., Sevanto, S., Twining, J., and Tadros, C.: Formation and characteristics of ions and charged aerosol particles in a native Australian Eucalypt forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 129–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-129-2008doi:10.5194/acp-8-129-2008, 2008.

Tanskanen, A., Lindfors, A., Määttä, A., Krotkov, N., Herman, J., Kaurola, J., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Fioletov, V., Bernhard, G., McKenzie, R., Kondo, Y., O'Neill, M., Slaper, H., den Outer, P., Bais, A. F., and Tamminen, J.: Validation of daily erythemal doses from Ozone Monitoring Instrument with ground-based UV measurement data, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S44, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008830doi:10.1029/2007JD008830, 2007.

Tunved, P., Hansson, H.-C., Kerminen, V.-M., Ström, J., Dal Maso, M., Lihavainen, H., Viisanen, Y., Aalto, P. P., Komppula, M., and Kulmala, M.: High natural aerosol loading over boreal forests, Science, 312, 261–263, 2006.

Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3333–3346, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-3333-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-3333-2011, 2011.

Veefkind, J. P., Boersma, K. F., Wang, J., Kurosu, T. P., Krotkov, N., Chance, K., and Levelt, P. F.: Global satellite analysis of the relation between aerosols and short-lived trace gases, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1255–1267, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1255-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-1255-2011, 2011.

Wiedensohler, A., Cheng, Y. F., Nowak, A., Wehner, B., Achtert, P., Berghof, M., Birmili, W., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Zhu, T., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Lou, S. R., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Wahner,A., Gunthe, S. S., Rose, D., Su, H., and Pöschl, U.: Rapid aerosol particle growth and increase of cloud condensation nucleus activity by secondary aerosol formation and condensation: A case study for regional air pollution in northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00G08, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010884doi:10.1029/2008JD010884, 2009.

Virkkula, A., Backman, J., Aalto, P. P., Hulkkonen, M., Riuttanen, L., Nieminen, T., dal Maso, M., Sogacheva, L., de Leeuw, G., and Kulmala, M.: Seasonal cycle, size dependencies, and source analyses of aerosol optical properties at the SMEAR II measurement station in Hyytiälä, Finland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4445–4468, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-4445-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-4445-2011, 2011.

Vuollekoski, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Anttila, T., Sihto, S.-L., Vana, M., Ehn, M., Korhonen, H., McFiggans, G., O'Dowd, C. D., and Kulmala, M.: Iodine dioxide nucleation simulations in coastal and remote marine environments, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02206, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010713doi:10.1029/2008JD010713, 2009.

Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 239–260, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-239-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-239-2009, 2009.

Wang, K., Dickinson, R. E., and Liang, S.: Observational evidence on the effects of clouds and aerosols on net ecosystem exchange and evapotranspiration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10401, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034167doi:10.1029/2008GL034167, 2008.

Wu, Z., Hu, M., Liu, S., Wehner, B., Bauer, S., Massling, A., Wiedensohler, A., Petäjä, T., Dal Maso, M., and Kulmala, M.: New particle formation in Beijing, China: Statistical analysis of a 1-year data set, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007406doi:10.1029/2006JD007406, 2007.

Yu, F. and Luo, G.: Simulation of particle size distribution with a global aerosol model: contribution of nucleation to aerosol and CCN number concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7691–7710, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7691-2009doi:10.5194/acp-9-7691-2009, 2009.

Yu, F., Luo, G., Bates, T. S., Anderson, B., Clarke, A., Kapustin, V., Yantosca, R. M., Wang, Y., and Wu, S.: Spatial distributions of particle number concentrations in the global troposphere: Simulations, observations, and implications for nucleation mechanisms, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D17205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013473doi:10.1029/2009JD013473, 2010.