References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-11-1051-2011

Soot microphysical effects on liquid clouds, a multi-model investigation

Koch

¹ ² ¹² Balkanski

³ Bauer

S. E.

¹ ² Easter

R. C.

⁸ Ferrachat

⁴ Ghan

S. J.

⁸ Hoose

⁷ ¹⁰ Iversen

⁵ Kirkevåg

⁵ Kristjansson

J. E.

¹⁰ Liu

⁸ Lohmann

⁴ Menon

⁹ Quaas

⁶ Schulz

³ ¹⁰ Seland

Ø.

⁵ Takemura

¹¹ Yan

Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

NASA GISS, New York, NY, USA

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway

Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA

Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

now at: Department of Energy, DC, USA

07 02 2011

11 3 1051 1064

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/1051/2011/acp-11-1051-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/1051/2011/acp-11-1051-2011.pdf

We use global models to explore the microphysical effects of carbonaceous aerosols on liquid clouds. Although absorption of solar radiation by soot warms the atmosphere, soot may cause climate cooling due to its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and therefore cloud brightness. Six global models conducted three soot experiments; four of the models had detailed aerosol microphysical schemes. The average cloud radiative response to biofuel soot (black and organic carbon), including both indirect and semi-direct effects, is −0.11 Wm<sup>−2</sup>, comparable in size but opposite in sign to the respective direct effect. In a more idealized fossil fuel black carbon experiment, some models calculated a positive cloud response because soot provides a deposition sink for sulfuric and nitric acids and secondary organics, decreasing nucleation and evolution of viable CCN. Biofuel soot particles were also typically assumed to be larger and more hygroscopic than for fossil fuel soot and therefore caused more negative forcing, as also found in previous studies. Diesel soot (black and organic carbon) experiments had relatively smaller cloud impacts with five of the models <±0.06 Wm<sup>−2</sup> from clouds. The results are subject to the caveats that variability among models, and regional and interrannual variability for each model, are large. This comparison together with previously published results stresses the need to further constrain aerosol microphysical schemes. The non-linearities resulting from the competition of opposing effects on the CCN population make it difficult to extrapolate from idealized experiments to likely impacts of realistic potential emission changes.

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