ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-11-10461-2011 Determination of land surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau by using the MODIS and in situ data Ma Y. 1 Zhong L. 1 2 Wang B. 1 3 Ma W. 4 Chen X. 1 2 3 Li M. 4 Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 21 10 2011 11 20 10461 10469 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10461/2011/acp-11-10461-2011.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10461/2011/acp-11-10461-2011.pdf

In this study, a parameterization methodology based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and in situ data is proposed and tested for deriving the regional surface reflectance, surface temperature, net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux over heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the Tibetan Plateau area. Four images of MODIS data (30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007 and 25 October 2007) were used in this study for the comparison among winter, spring, summer and autumn. The derived results were also validated by using the "ground truth" measured in the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP). The results show that the derived surface variables (surface reflectance and surface temperature) and surface heat fluxes (net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) in four different seasons over the Tibetan Plateau area are in good accordance with the land surface status. These parameters show a wide range due to the strong contrast of surface features over the Tibetan Plateau. Also, the estimated land surface variables and surface heat fluxes are in good agreement with the ground measurements, and all their absolute percent difference (APD) is less than 10% in the validation sites. It is therefore concluded that the proposed methodology is successful for the retrieval of land surface variables and surface heat fluxes using the MODIS and in situ data over the Tibetan Plateau area. The shortage and further improvement of the methodology were also discussed.

 References Bastiaanssen, W. G. M.: Regionalization of surface fluxes and moisture indicators in composite terrain, PhD Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, 273~pp., 1995. Berk, A., Bernstein, L. S., and Robertson, D.C.: MODTRAN: A moderate resolution model for LOTRAN 7. GL-TR-89-0122, 1989. Carlson, T. N. and Ripley, D. A.: On the relation between \rm NDVI, fractional vegetation cover, and leaf area index, Remote Sens. Environ., 62, 241-252.1997, Choudhury, B. J. and Monteith, J. L.: A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 373–398, 1988. Choudhury, B. J., Idso, S. B., and Reginato, R. J.: Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by infrared-temperature based energy balance Eq., Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 39, 283–297, 1987. Cui, X. and Graf, H.: Recent land cover changes on the Tibetan Plateau: a review, Climatic Change, 94, 47–61, 2009. Gao, Z., Horton, R., and Liu, H.: Impact of wave phase difference between soil surface heat flux and soil surface temperature on soil surface energy balance closure, J. Geophysics Research, 115, D16112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013278doi:10.1029/2009JD013278, 2010. Hsu, H. and Liu, X.: Relationship between the Tibetan Plateau heating and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall, Geophys. Res Lett., 30, D2066, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017909doi:10.1029/2003GL017909, 2003. Jackson, R. D., Pinter, J. R., and Reginato, R. J.: Net radiation calculated from remote multispectral and ground station meteorological data, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 35, 153–164, 1985. Kustas, W. P. and Daughtry, C. S. T.: Estimation of the soil heat flux/net radiation ratio from spectral data, Agr. Forest. Meteorol., 39, 205–223, 1990. Ma, Weiqiang, Ma, Yaoming, Li, Maoshan, Hu, Zeyong, Zhong, Lei, Su, Zhongbo, Ishikawa, Hirohiko, and Wang, Jiemin: Estimating surface fluxes over the north Tibetan Plateau area with ASTER imagery, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 57–67, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-57-2009doi:10.5194/hess-13-57-2009, 2009. Ma, Y. and Tsukamoto, O.: Combining satellite remote sensing with field observations for land surface heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscape, China Meteorological Press, Beijing, China, 2002. Ma, Y., Tsukamoto, O., Wang, J., Ishkawa, H., and Tamagawa, I.: Analysis of aerodynamic and thermodynamic parameters over the grassy marshland surface of Tibetan Plateau, Prog. Nat. Sci., 12, 36–40, 2002a. Ma, Y., Su, Z., Li, Z.-L., Koike, T., and Menenti, M.: Determination of regional net radiation and soil heat flux densities over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau, Hydrol. Process., 16, 2963–2971 2002b. Ma, Y., Ishikawa, H., Menenti, M., Su, Z., Yao, T., Koike, T., and Yasynari, T.: Regionalization of surface fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau by using satellite remote sensing, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 81, 277–293, 2003. Ma, Y., Zhong, L., Z. Su, Z., Ishikawa, H., Menenti, M., and Koike, T.: Determination of regional distributions and seasonal variations of land surface heat fluxes from Landsat-7 Ehanced Thematic Mapper data over the central Tibetan Plateau area, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D10305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006742doi:10.1029/2005JD006742, 2006. Ma, Y., Song, M., Ishikawa, H., Yang, K., Koike, T., Jia, L., Menenti, M., and Su, Z.: Estimation of the regional evaporative fraction over the Tibetan Plateau area by using Landsat-7 ETM data and the field observations, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85A, 295–309, 2007. Ma, Y., Kang, S., Zhu, L., Xu, B., Tian, L., and Yao, T.: Tibetan Observation and Research Platform- Atmosphere–land interaction over a heterogeneous landscape, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1487–1492, 2008. Ma, Y., Menenti, M., and Feddes, R.: Parameterization of heat fluxes at heterogeneous surfaces by integrating satellite measurements with surface layer and atmospheric boundary layer observations, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 27, 328–336, 2010. Montheith, J. L.: Principles of Environmental Physics, Edward Aarnold, London, 241~pp., 1973. Sato, T. and Kimura, F.: How does the Tibetan Plateau affect the transition of Indian monsoon rainfall? Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 2006–2015 2007, Valor, E. and Caselles, V.: Mapping land surface emissivity from \rm NDVI: application to European, African, and South American areas, Remote Sens. Environ., 57, 167–184, 1996, Wang, J., Ma, Y., Menenti, M., Bastiaanssen, W., and Mistuta, Y.: The scaling-up of processes in the heterogeneous landscape of HEIFE with the aid of satellite remote sensing, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 73, 1235–1244, 1995. Yanai, M., Li, C., and Song, Z.: Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 70, 319–351, 1992. Yang, K., Koike, T., Ishikawa, H., and Ma, Y.: Analysis of the surface energy budget at a site of GAME/Tibet using a single-source model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 82, 131–153, 2004. Ye, D.: Some characteristics of the summer circulation over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and its neighborhood, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 62, 14–19, 1981. Ye, D. and Gao, Y.: The Meteorology of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau , 1–278, Science Press, Beijing, 1979~(in Chinese). Ye, D. and Wu, G.: The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181– 198, 1998. Zhong, L.: Measurement and satellite remote sensing of land surface characteristic parameters over the Tibetan Plateau area, PhD Thesis, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 124~pp., 2007. Zhong, L., Ma, Y., Salama, Mhd.Suhyb, and Su, Z.: Assessment of vegetation dynamics and their response to variations in precipitation and temperature in the Tibetan Plateau, Climatic Change, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9787-8doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9787-8, 2010.