<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-11-10293-2011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of carbonyl sulfide isotopologues OC&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;S, OC&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;S, OC&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S and O&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CS: isotopic fractionation in photolysis and atmospheric implications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hattori</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Danielache</surname>
<given-names>S. O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schmidt</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kjaergaard</surname>
<given-names>H. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Toyoda</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ueno</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yoshida</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>19</issue>
<fpage>10293</fpage>
<lpage>10303</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10293/2011/acp-11-10293-2011.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10293/2011/acp-11-10293-2011.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10293/2011/acp-11-10293-2011.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/10293/2011/acp-11-10293-2011.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We report measurements of the ultraviolet absorption cross sections of
OC&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;S, OC&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;S, OC&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S and O&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CS from 195 to 260 nm. The
OCS isotopologues were synthesized from isotopically-enriched elemental
sulfur by reaction with carbon monoxide. The measured cross section of
OC&lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;S is consistent with literature spectra recorded using natural
abundance samples. Relative to the spectrum of the most abundant
isotopologue, substitution of heavier rare isotopes has two effects. First,
as predicted by the reflection principle, the Gaussian-based absorption
envelope becomes slightly narrower and blue-shifted. Second, as predicted
by Franck-Condon considerations, the weak vibrational structure is
red-shifted. Sulfur isotopic fractionation constants (&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;ε,
&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;ε) as a function of wavelength are not highly structured, and tend to
be close to zero on average on the high energy side and negative on the low energy side.
The integrated photolysis rate of each isotopologue at 20 km, the approximate altitude at
 which most OCS photolysis occurs, was calculated.
Sulfur isotopic fractionation constants at 20 km altitude are (−3.7 ± 4.5)&amp;permil; and
(1.1 ± 4.2)&amp;permil; for &lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;ε and &lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;ε, respectively, which is
inconsistent with the previously estimated large fractionation of over
73&amp;permil; in &lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;ε. This demonstrates that OCS photolysis does not produce sulfur
isotopic fractionation of more than ca. 5&amp;permil;, suggesting OCS may indeed be a significant source
of background stratospheric sulfate aerosols. Finally, the predicted
isotopic fractionation constant for &lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;S excess (&lt;sup&gt;33&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;) in OCS
photolysis is (−4.2 ± 6.6)&amp;permil;, and thus photolysis of OCS is not expected
to be the source of the non-mass-dependent signature observed in modern and
Archaean samples.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="11"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Boone, C. D., Bernath, P. F., and Suntharalingam, P.: Global distributions of carbonyl sulfide in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14810, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034270doi:10.1029/2008gl034270, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baroni, M., Thiemens, M. H., Delmas, R. J., and Savarino, J.: Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Stratospheric Volcanic Eruptions, Science, 315, 84–87, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1131754doi:10.1126/science.1131754, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Baroni, M., Savarino, J., Cole-Dai, J., Rai, V. K., and Thiemens, M. H.: Anomalous sulfur isotope compositions of volcanic sulfate over the last millennium in Antarctic ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010185doi:10.1029/2008jd010185, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Janssen, C., Kaiser, J., Röckmann, T., Rhee, T. S., and Assonov, S. S.: Isotope Effects in the Chemistry of Atmospheric Trace Compounds, Chemical Reviews, 103, 5125–5162, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr020644kdoi:10.1021/cr020644k, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Castleman, A. W. J., Munkelwitz, H. R., and Manowitz, B.: Isotopic studies of the sulfur component of the stratospheric aerosol layer, Tellus, 26, 222–234, 1974. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: A reanalysis of carbonyl sulfide as a source of stratospheric background sulfur aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8993–9005, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jd00275doi:10.1029/95jd00275, 1995. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Colussi, A. J., Leung, F., and Hoffmann, M. R.: Electronic Spectra of Carbonyl Sulfide Sulfur Isotopologues, Environ. Chem., 1, 44–48, http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EN04010doi:10.1071/EN04010, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Crutzen, P. J.: The possible importance of CSO for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 3, 73–76, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL003i002p00073doi:10.1029/GL003i002p00073, 1976. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Danielache, S. O., Eskebjerg, C., Johnson, M. S., Ueno, Y., and Yoshida, N.: High-precision spectroscopy of $^32$S, $^33$S, and $^34$S sulfur dioxide: Ultraviolet absorption cross sections and isotope effects, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17314, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007jd009695doi:10.1029/2007jd009695, 2008a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Danielache, S. O., Johnson, M. S., Nanbu, S., Grage, M. M. L., McLinden, C., and Yoshida, N.: Ab initio study of sulfur isotope fractionation in the reaction of OCS with OH, Chem. Phys. Lett., 450, 214–220, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.054doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.054, 2008b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Danielache, S. O., Nanbu, S., Eskebjerg, C., Johnson, M. S., and Yoshida, N.: Carbonyl sulfide isotopologues: Ultraviolet absorption cross sections and stratospheric photolysis, J. Chem. Phys., 131, 024307, http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3156314doi:10.1063/1.3156314, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Farquhar, J., Bao, H. M., and Thiemens, M.: Atmospheric influence of Earth&apos;s earliest sulfur cycle, Science, 289, 756–758, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ferm, R. J.: The Chemistry Of Carbonyl Sulfide, Chem. Rev., 57, 621–640, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr50016a002doi:10.1021/cr50016a002, 1957. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Griffith, D. W. T.: Synthetic Calibration and Quantitative Analysis of Gas-Phase FT-IR Spectra, Appl. Spectrosc., 50, 59–70, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hofmann, D. J.: Increase in the Stratospheric Background Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Mass in the Past 10~Years, Science, 248, 996–1000, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.248.4958.996doi:10.1126/science.248.4958.996, 1990. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Hulston, J. R. and Thode, H. G.: Variations in the S$^33$, S$^34$, and S$^36$ Contents of Meteorites and Their Relation to Chemical and Nuclear Effects, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 3475–3484, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i014p03475doi:10.1029/JZ070i014p03475, 1965. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Johnson, M. S., Billing, G. D., Gruodis, A., and Janssen, M. H. M.: Photolysis of Nitrous Oxide Isotopomers Studied by Time-Dependent Hermite Propagation, J. Phys. Chem A, 105, 8672–8680, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp011449xdoi:10.1021/jp011449x, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Johnson, M. S., Feilberg, K. L., Hessberg, P. V., and Nielsen, O. J.: Isotopic processes in atmospheric chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 31, 313–323, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jørgensen, S., Grage, M. M. L., Nyman, G., and Johnson, M. S.: Isotope Effects in Photodissociation: Chemical Reaction Dynamics and Implications for Atmospheres, Adv. Quantum Chem., 55, 101–136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3276(07)00207-9doi:10.1016/S0065-3276(07)00207-9, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Junge, C. E.: The formation of the stratospheric sulfate layer, Tellus, 18, 685–685, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00286.xdoi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00286.x, 1966. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Junge, C. E. and Manson, J. E.: Stratospheric Aerosol Studies, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 2163–2182, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i007p02163doi:10.1029/JZ066i007p02163, 1961. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kjellström, E.: A Three-Dimensional Global Model Study of Carbonyl Sulfide in the Troposphere and the Lower Stratosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 29, 151–177, http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1005976511096doi:10.1023/a:1005976511096, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Krouse, H. R. and Grinenko, V. A.: Stable Isotopes: NAACO, Scope, http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope43/index.html, last access: July~2011, John Wiley and Sons, 1991. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Leung, F.-Y. T., Colussi, A. J., Hoffmann, M. R., and Toon, G. C.: Isotopic fractionation of carbonyl sulfide in the atmosphere: Implications for the source of background stratospheric sulfate aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1474, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013955doi:10.1029/2001gl013955, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liang, M.-C., Blake, G. A., and Yung, Y. L.: A semianalytic model for photo-induced isotopic fractionation in simple molecules, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D10308, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004jd004539doi:10.1029/2004jd004539, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lin, Y., Sim, M. S., and Ono, S.: Multiple-sulfur isotope effects during photolysis of carbonyl sulfide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10283–10292, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10283-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-10283-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lyons, J. R.: Atmospherically-derived mass-independent sulfur isotope signatures, and incorporation into sediments, Chem. Geol., 267, 164–174, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.03.027doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.03.027, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McLinden, C. A., McConnell, J. C., Griffioen, E., and McElroy, C. T.: A vector radiative-transfer model for the Odin/OSIRIS project, Can. J. Phys., 80, 375–393, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> McLinden, C. A., Prather, M. J., and Johnson, M. S.: Global modeling of the isotopic analogues of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O: Stratospheric distributions, budgets, and the $^17$O-$^18$O mass-independent anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4233, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002560doi:10.1029/2002jd002560, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Miller, C. E. and Yung, Y. L.: Photo-induced isotopic fractionation, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29039–29051, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900388doi:10.1029/2000jd900388, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mills, M. J., Toon, O. B., Vaida, V., Hintze, P. E., Kjaergaard, H. G., Schofield, D. P., and Robinson, T. W.: Photolysis of sulfuric acid vapor by visible light as a source of the polar stratospheric CN layer, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08201, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004jd005519doi:10.1029/2004jd005519, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Molina, L. T., Lamb, J. J., and Molina, M. J.: Temperature dependent UV absorption cross sections for carbonyl sulfide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 1008–1011, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GL008i009p01008doi:10.1029/GL008i009p01008, 1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Myhre, G., Berglen, T. F., Myhre, C. E. L., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: The radiative effect of the anthropogenic influence on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, Tellus~B, 56, 294–299, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00106.xdoi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2004.00106.x, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Notholt, J., Kuang, Z., Rinsland, C. P., Toon, G. C., Rex, M., Jones, N., Albrecht, T., Deckelmann, H., Krieg, J., Weinzierl, C., Bingemer, H., Weller, R., and Schrems, O.: Enhanced Upper Tropical Tropospheric COS: Impact on the Stratospheric Aerosol Layer, Science, 300, 307–310, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1080320doi:10.1126/science.1080320, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Oduro, H., Kamyshny Jr., A., Guo, W., and Farquhar, J.: Multiple sulfur isotope analysis of volatile organic sulfur compounds and their sulfonium precursors in coastal marine environments, Mar. Chem., 124, 78–89, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.12.004doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2010.12.004, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pavlov, A. A., Mills, M. J., and Toon, O. B.: Mystery of the volcanic mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation signature in the Antarctic ice core, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12816, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gl022784doi:10.1029/2005gl022784, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pitari, G., Mancini, E., Rizi, V., and Shindell, D. T.: Impact of Future Climate and Emission Changes on Stratospheric Aerosols and Ozone, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 414–440, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059&lt;0414:IOFCAE&gt;2.0.CO;2doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059&lt;0414:IOFCAE&gt;2.0.CO;2, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rothman, L. S., Jacquemart, D., Barbe, A., Chris Benner, D., Birk, M., Brown, L. R., Carleer, M. R., Chackerian, J. C., Chance, K., Coudert, L. H., Dana, V., Devi, V. M., Flaud, J. M., Gamache, R. R., Goldman, A., Hartmann, J. M., Jucks, K. W., Maki, A. G., Mandin, J. Y., Massie, S. T., Orphal, J., Perrin, A., Rinsland, C. P., Smith, M. A. H., Tennyson, J., Tolchenov, R. N., Toth, R. A., Vander Auwera, J., Varanasi, P., and Wagner, G.: The HITRAN~2004 molecular spectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 96, 139–204, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.008doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.008, 2005. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rudolph, R. N. and Inn, E. C. Y.: OCS Photolysis and Absorption in the 200- to 300-nm Region, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9891–9894, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC086iC10p09891doi:10.1029/JC086iC10p09891,1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Savarino, J., Romero, A., Cole-Dai, J., Bekki, S., and Thiemens, M. H.: UV induced mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionation in stratospheric volcanic sulfate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2131, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018134doi:10.1029/2003GL018134, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schinke, R.: Photodissociation Dynamics, Cambridge Monographs on Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 436 pp., 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schmidt, J. A., Johnson, M. S., and Schinke, R.: Isotope effects in N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O photolysis from first principles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8965–8975, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8965-2011doi:10.5194/acp-11-8965-2011, 2011. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Selwyn, G. S. and Johnston, H. S.: Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of nitrous oxide as a function of temperature and isotopic substitution, J. Chem. Phys., 74, 3791–3803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.441608doi:10.1063/1.441608, 1981. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stevenson, D. S., Johnson, C. E., Collins, W. J., and Derwent, R. G.: The tropospheric sulphur cycle and the role of volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Special Publications, Geol. Soc. Lond., 213, 295–305, http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.18doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.18, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Suzuki, T., Katayanagi, H., Nanbu, S., and Aoyagi, M.: Nonadiabatic bending dissociation in 16~valence electron system OCS, J. Chem. Phys., 109, 5778–5794, http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.477200doi:10.1063/1.477200, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ueno, Y., Johnson, M. S., Danielache, S. O., Eskebjerg, C., Pandey, A., and Yoshida, N.: Geological sulfur isotopes indicate elevated OCS in the Archean atmosphere, solving faint young sun paradox, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 106, 14784–14789, http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903518106doi:10.1073/pnas.0903518106, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Watts, S. F.: The mass budgets of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide, Atmos. Environ., 34, 761–779, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Weisenstein, D. K., Yue, G. K., Ko, M. K. W., Sze, N.-D., Rodriguez, J. M., and Scott, C. J.: A two-dimensional model of sulfur species and aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13019–13035, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97jd00901doi:10.1029/97jd00901, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wu, C. Y. R., Chen, F. Z., and Judge, D. L.: Temperature-dependent photoabsorption cross sections of OCS in the 2000–2600 angstrom region, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 61, 265–271, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>