ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-10-8353-2010 Trans-Pacific transport of reactive nitrogen and ozone to Canada during spring Walker T. W. 1 11 Martin R. V. 1 12 van Donkelaar A. 1 Leaitch W. R. 2 MacDonald A. M. 2 Anlauf K. G. 2 Cohen R. C. 3 Bertram T. H. 4 Huey L. G. 5 Avery M. A. 6 Weinheimer A. J. 7 Flocke F. M. 7 Tarasick D. W. 2 Thompson A. M. 8 Streets D. G. 9 Liu X. 10 Department of Physics & Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada College of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA University of Baltimore County (UMBC), Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology (GEST), Baltimore, Maryland, USA now at: Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada also at: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 07 09 2010 10 17 8353 8372 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/8353/2010/acp-10-8353-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/8353/2010/acp-10-8353-2010.pdf

We interpret observations from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment, Phase B (INTEX-B) in spring 2006 using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate sensitivities of the free troposphere above the North Pacific Ocean and North America to Asian anthropogenic emissions. We develop a method to use satellite observations of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns to provide timely estimates of trends in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. NO<sub>x</sub> emissions increased by 33% for China and 29% for East Asia from 2003 to 2006. We examine measurements from three aircraft platforms from the INTEX-B campaign, including a Canadian Cessna taking vertical profiles of ozone near Whistler Peak. The contribution to the mean simulated ozone profiles over Whistler below 5.5 km is at least 7.2 ppbv for Asian anthropogenic emissions and at least 3.5 ppbv for global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. Tropospheric ozone columns from OMI exhibit a broad Asian outflow plume across the Pacific, which is reproduced by simulation. Mean modelled sensitivities of Pacific (30&deg; N–60&deg; N) tropospheric ozone columns are at least 4.6 DU for Asian anthropogenic emissions and at least 3.3 DU for lightning, as determined by simulations excluding either source. Enhancements of ozone over Canada from Asian anthropogenic emissions reflect a combination of trans-Pacific transport of ozone produced over Asia, and ozone produced in the eastern Pacific through decomposition of peroxyacetyl nitrates (PANs). A sensitivity study decoupling PANs globally from the model's chemical mechanism establishes that PANs increase ozone production by removing NO<sub>x</sub> from regions of low ozone production efficiency (OPE) and injecting it into regions with higher OPE, resulting in a global increase in ozone production by 2% in spring 2006. PANs contribute up to 4 ppbv to surface springtime ozone concentrations in western Canada. Ozone production due to PAN transport is greatest in the eastern Pacific; commonly occurring transport patterns advect this ozone northeastward into Canada. Transport events observed by the aircraft confirm that polluted airmasses were advected in this way.

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