References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-10-5145-2010

Perfluorocarbons in the global atmosphere: tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane

Mühle

¹ Ganesan

A. L.

² Miller

B. R.

¹ ⁵ Salameh

P. K.

¹ Harth

C. M.

¹ Greally

B. R.

³ Rigby

² Porter

L. W.

⁶ ⁷ Steele

L. P.

⁴ Trudinger

C. M.

⁴ Krummel

P. B.

⁴ O'Doherty

³ Fraser

P. J.

⁴ Simmonds

P. G.

³ Prinn

R. G.

² Weiss

R. F.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA

Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Building 54-1312, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK

Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research/CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research/CSIRO Light Metals Flagship, Private Bag No. 1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia

now at: Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Box 216 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0216, USA

formerly at: Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research/Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, P. O. Box 1636, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia

deceased (7 December 2007)

09 06 2010

10 11 5145 5164

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/5145/2010/acp-10-5145-2010.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/5145/2010/acp-10-5145-2010.pdf

We present atmospheric baseline growth rates from the 1970s to the present for the long-lived, strongly infrared-absorbing perfluorocarbons (PFCs) tetrafluoromethane (CF4), hexafluoroethane (C2F6), and octafluoropropane (C3F8) in both hemispheres, measured with improved accuracies (~1–2%) and precisions (<0.3%, or <0.2 ppt (parts per trillion dry air mole fraction), for CF4; <1.5%, or <0.06 ppt, for C2F6; <4.5%, or <0.02 ppt, for C3F8 within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). Pre-industrial background values of 34.7±0.2 ppt CF4 and 0.1±0.02 ppt C2F6 were measured in air extracted from Greenland ice and Antarctic firn. Anthropogenic sources are thought to be primary aluminum production (CF4, C2F6, C3F8), semiconductor production (C2F6, CF4, C3F8) and refrigeration use (C3F8). Global emissions calculated with the AGAGE 2-D 12-box model are significantly higher than most previous emission estimates. The sum of CF4 and C2F6 emissions estimated from aluminum production and non-metal production are lower than observed global top-down emissions, with gaps of ~6 Gg/yr CF4 in recent years. The significant discrepancies between previous CF4, C2F6, and C3F8 emission estimates and observed global top-down emissions estimated from AGAGE measurements emphasize the need for more accurate, transparent, and complete emission reporting, and for verification with atmospheric measurements to assess the emission sources of these long-lived and potent greenhouse gases, which alter the radiative budget of the atmosphere, essentially permanently, once emitted.

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