ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-10-4359-2010 Analysis of snow bidirectional reflectance from ARCTAS Spring-2008 Campaign Lyapustin A. 1 2 Gatebe C. K. 1 2 Kahn R. 2 Brandt R. 3 Redemann J. 4 Russell P. 5 King M. D. 6 Pedersen C. A. 7 Gerland S. 7 Poudyal R. 2 8 Marshak A. 2 Wang Y. 1 2 Schaaf C. 9 Hall D. 2 Kokhanovsky A. 10 University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI), Sonoma, CA USA NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromso, Norway Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, USA Boston University, Geography Department, Boston, MA, USA Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany 10 05 2010 10 9 4359 4375 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/4359/2010/acp-10-4359-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/4359/2010/acp-10-4359-2010.pdf

The spring 2008 Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) experiment was one of major intensive field campaigns of the International Polar Year aimed at detailed characterization of atmospheric physical and chemical processes in the Arctic region. A part of this campaign was a unique snow bidirectional reflectance experiment on the NASA P-3B aircraft conducted on 7 and 15 April by the Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) jointly with airborne Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) and ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sunphotometers. The CAR data were atmospherically corrected to derive snow bidirectional reflectance at high 1&deg; angular resolution in view zenith and azimuthal angles along with surface albedo. The derived albedo was generally in good agreement with ground albedo measurements collected on 15 April. The CAR snow bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) was used to study the accuracy of analytical Ross-Thick Li-Sparse (RTLS), Modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (MRPV) and Asymptotic Analytical Radiative Transfer (AART) BRF models. Except for the glint region (azimuthal angles φ<40°), the best fit MRPV and RTLS models fit snow BRF to within &plusmn;0.05. The plane-parallel radiative transfer (PPRT) solution was also analyzed with the models of spheres, spheroids, randomly oriented fractal crystals, and with a synthetic phase function. The latter merged the model of spheroids for the forward scattering angles with the fractal model in the backscattering direction. The PPRT solution with synthetic phase function provided the best fit to measured BRF in the full range of angles. Regardless of the snow grain shape, the PPRT model significantly over-/underestimated snow BRF in the glint/backscattering regions, respectively, which agrees with other studies. To improve agreement with experiment, we introduced a model of macroscopic snow surface roughness by averaging the PPRT solution over the slope distribution function and by adding a simple model of shadows. With macroscopic roughness described by two parameters, the AART model achieved an accuracy of about &plusmn;0.05 with a possible bias of &plusmn;0.03 in the spectral range 0.4–2.2 &mu;m. This high accuracy holds at view zenith angles below 55–60&deg; covering the practically important range for remote sensing applications, and includes both glint and backscattering directions.

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