ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-10-3081-2010 Using aircraft measurements to determine the refractive index of Saharan dust during the DODO Experiments McConnell C. L. 1 Formenti P. 2 Highwood E. J. 3 Harrison M. A. J. 4 Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, UK LISA, CNRS, Université Paris 12, Créteil, France Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, UK Met Office, Exeter, UK 31 03 2010 10 6 3081 3098 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/3081/2010/acp-10-3081-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/3081/2010/acp-10-3081-2010.pdf

Much uncertainty in the value of the imaginary part of the refractive index of mineral dust contributes to uncertainty in the radiative effect of mineral dust in the atmosphere. A synthesis of optical, chemical and physical in-situ aircraft measurements from the DODO experiments during February and August 2006 are used to calculate the refractive index mineral dust encountered over West Africa. Radiative transfer modeling and measurements of broadband shortwave irradiance at a range of altitudes are used to test and validate these calculations for a specific dust event on 23 August 2006 over Mauritania. Two techniques are used to determine the refractive index: firstly a method combining measurements of scattering, absorption, size distributions and Mie code simulations, and secondly a method using composition measured on filter samples to apportion the content of internally mixed quartz, calcite and iron oxide-clay aggregates, where the iron oxide is represented by either hematite or goethite and clay by either illite or kaolinite. The imaginary part of the refractive index at 550 nm (<i>n</i><sub>i</sub><sup>550</sup>) is found to range between 0.0001 i to 0.0046 i, and where filter samples are available, agreement between methods is found depending on mineral combination assumed. The refractive indices are also found to agree well with AERONET data where comparisons are possible. <i>n</i><sub>i</sub><sup>550</sup> is found to vary with dust source, which is investigated with the NAME model for each case. The relationship between both size distribution and <i>n</i><sub>i</sub><sup>550</sup> on the accumulation mode single scattering albedo at 550 nm (&omega;<sub>0</sub><sup>550</sup>) are examined and size distribution is found to have no correlation to &omega;<sub>0</sub><sup>550</sup>, while <i>n</i><sub>i</sub><sup>550</sup> shows a strong linear relationship with &omega;<sub>0</sub><sup>550</sup>. Radiative transfer modeling was performed with different models (Mie-derived refractive indices, but also filter sampling composition assuming both internal and external mixing). Our calculations indicate that Mie-derived values of <i>n</i><sub>i</sub><sup>550</sup> and the externally mixed dust where the iron oxide-clay aggregate corresponds to the goethite-kaolinite combination result in the best agreement with irradiance measurements. The radiative effect of the dust is found to be very sensitive to the mineral combination (and hence refractive index) assumed, and to whether the dust is assumed to be internally or externally mixed.

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