Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 10 5 2010 10.5194/acp-10-2551-2010 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2551/2010/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2551/2010/acp-10-2551-2010.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2551/2010/acp-10-2551-2010.pdf 2551 2560 2010-03-12 Parameterization of subgrid plume dilution for use in large-scale atmospheric simulations A. D. Naiman anaiman@stanford.edu S. K. Lele J. T. Wilkerson M. Z. Jacobson Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA A new model of plume dynamics has been developed for use as a subgrid model of plume dilution in a large-scale atmospheric simulation. The model uses mean wind, shear, and diffusion parameters derived from the local large-scale variables to advance the plume cross-sectional shape and area in time. Comparisons with a large eddy simulation of aircraft emission plume dynamics, with an analytical solution to the dynamics of a sheared Gaussian plume, and with measurements of aircraft exhaust plume dilution at cruise altitude show good agreement with these previous studies. We argue that the model also provides a reasonable approximation of line-shaped contrail dilution and give an example of how it can be applied in a global climate model. Burkhardt, U. and Kärcher, B.: Process based simulation of contrail cirrus in a global climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16201, \doi10.1029/2008JD011491, 2009. Cariolle, D., Caro, D., Paoli, R., Hauglustaine, D A., Cuénot, B., Cozic, A., and Paugam, R.: Parameterization of plume chemistry into large-scale atmospheric models: Application to aircraft NO$_x$ emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19302, \doi10.1029/2009JD011873, 2009. Chlond, A.: Large-Eddy Simulation of Contrails, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 796–819, \doi10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0796:LESOC>2.0.CO;2, 1998. Crow, S C. and Bate, Jr., E R.: Lifespan of Trailing Vortices in a Turbulent Atmosphere, J. Aircraft, 13, 476–482, 1976. Dürbeck, T. and Gerz, T.: Dispersion of aircraft exhausts in the free atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 26007–26015, 1996. Heymsfield, A J., Lawson, R P., and Sachse, G W.: Growth of ice crystals in a precipitating contrail, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1335–1338, 1998. Huebsch, W W. and Lewellen, D C.: Sensitivity Study on Contrail Evolution, in: 36th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, AIAA 2006-3749, 2006. Jacobson, M Z.: GATOR-GCMM: A global through urban scale air pollution and weather forecast model, 1 Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5385–5402, 2001a. Jacobson, M Z.: GATOR-GCMM: 2. A study of day- and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP Field Campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5403–5420, 2001b. Jacobson, M Z.: Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D19), 4366, \doi10.1029/2001JD002044, 2002. Jacobson, M Z.: Development of mixed-phase clouds from multiple aerosol size distributions and the effect of the clouds on aerosol removal, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4245, \doi10.1029/2002JD002691, 2003. Jacobson, M Z.: The climate response of fossil-fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soothi's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D21201, \doi10.1029/2004JD004945, 2004. Jacobson, M Z., Wilkerson, J T., Naiman, A D., and Lele, S K.: The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part I: A model that treats the subgrid evolution of discrete size- and composition-resolved contrails from all commercial flights worldwide, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., in review, 2010. Jensen, E J., Ackerman, A S., Stevens, D E., Toon, O B., and Minnis, P.: Spreading and growth of contrails in a sheared environment, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31557–31567, 1998. Konopka, P.: Analytical Gaussian Solutions for Anisotropic Diffusion in a Linear Shear Flow, Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 20, 78–91, 1995. Kraab\ol, A G., Berntsen, T K., Sundet, J K., and Stordal, F.: Impacts of NO$_x$ emissions from subsonic aircraft in a global three-dimensional chemistry transport model including plume processes, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D22), 4655, \doi10.1029/2001JD001019, 2002. Lewellen, D C. and Lewellen, W S.: The Effects of Aircraft Wake Dynamics on Contrail Development, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 390–406, \doi10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<0390:TEOAWD>2.0.CO;2, 2001. Marquart, S., Ponater, M., Mager, F., and Sausen, R.: Future Development of Contrail Cover, Optical Depth, and Radiative Forcing: Impacts of Increasing Air Traffic and Climate Change, J. Climate, 16, 2890–2904, \doi10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2890:FDOCCO>2.0.CO;2, 2003. Meijer, E W., van Velthoven, P. F J., Wauben, W. M F., Beck, J P., and Velders, G. J M.: The effects of the conversion of nitrogen oxides in aircraft exhaust plumes in global models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3013–3016, 1997. Minnis, P., Young, D F., and Garber, D P.: Transformation of contrails into cirrus during SUCCESS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1157–1160, 1998. Petry, H., Hendricks, J., Möllhoff, M., Lippert, E., Meier, A., Ebel, A., and Sausen, R.: Chemical conversion of subsonic aircraft emissions in the dispersing plume: Calculation of effective emission indices, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5759–5772, 1998. Ponater, M., Marquart, S., and Sausen, R.: Contrails in a comprehensive global climate model: Parameterization and radiative forcing results, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D13), 4164, \doi10.1029/2001JD000429, 2002. Roeckner, E., Arpe, K., Bengtsson, L., Christoph, M., Claussen, M., Dümenil, L., Esch, M., Giorgetta, M., Schlese, U., and Schulzweida, U.: The atmosphere general circulation model ECHAM-4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate, Max Planck Institute Meteorological Report 218, Hamburg, Germany, 1996. Schröder, F., Kärcher, B., Duroure, C., Ström, J., Petzold, A., Gayet, J F., Strauss, B., Wendling, P., and Borrmann, S.: On the Transition of Contrails into Cirrus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 464–480, \doi10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0464:OTTOCI>2.0.CO;2, 2000. Schumann, U.: A contrail cirrus prediction tool, in: International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere, and Climate, Aachen and Maastricht, 22–25~June~2009, prefixhttp://www.dlr.de/pa/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2559/3824_read-19960/, in press, 2009. Schumann, U., Konopka, P., Baumann, R., Busen, R., Gerz, T., Schlager, H., Schulte, P., and Volkert, H.: Estimate of diffusion parameters of aircraft exhaust plumes near the tropopause from nitric oxide and turbulence measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 14147–14162, 1995. Schumann, U., Schlager, H., Arnold, F., Baumann, R., Haschberger, P., and Klemm, O.: Dilution of Aircraft Exhaust Plumes at Cruise Altitudes, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3097–3103, \doi10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00455-X, 1998. Seinfeld, J H. and Pandis, S N.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: From air pollution to climate change, chap 8, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1998. Unterstrasser, S. and Gierens, K.: Numerical simulations of contrail-to-cirrus transition – Part 1: An extensive parametric study, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 14901–14953, 2009. Vohralik, P F., Randeniya, L K., Plumb, I C., and Baughcum, S L.: Effect of plume processes on aircraft impact, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05312, \doi10.1029/2007JD008982, 2008. Wilkerson, J. T., Jacobson, M. Z., Malwitz, A., Balasubramanian, S., Wayson, R., Fleming, G., Naiman, A. D., and Lele, S. K.: Analysis of emission data from global commercial aviation: 2004 and 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 2945–2983, 2010.