Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics www.atmos-chem-phys.net 1680-7316 1680-7324 10 5 2010 10.5194/acp-10-2335-2010 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2335/2010/ http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2335/2010/acp-10-2335-2010.html http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2335/2010/acp-10-2335-2010.pdf 2335 2351 2010-03-08 Estimates of biomass burning emissions in tropical Asia based on satellite-derived data D. Chang Y. Song songyu@pku.edu.cn State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Biomass burning in tropical Asia emits large amounts of trace gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere, which has significant implications for atmospheric chemistry and climatic change. In this study, emissions from open biomass burning over tropical Asia were evaluated during seven fire years from 2000 to 2006 (1 March 2000–31 February 2007). The size of the burned areas was estimated from newly published 1-km L3JRC and 500-m MODIS burned area products (MCD45A1). Available fuel loads and emission factors were assigned to each vegetation type in a GlobCover characterisation map, and fuel moisture content was taken into account when calculating combustion factors. Over the whole period, both burned areas and fire emissions showed clear spatial and seasonal variations. The size of the L3JRC burned areas ranged from 36 031 km² in fire year 2005 to 52 303 km² in 2001, and the MCD45A1 burned areas ranged from 54 790 km² in fire year 2001 to 148 967 km² in 2004. Comparisons of L3JRC and MCD45A1 burned areas using ground-based measurements and other satellite data were made in several major burning regions, and the results suggest that MCD45A1 generally performed better than L3JRC, although with a certain degree of underestimation in forest areas. The average annual L3JRC-based emissions were 123 (102–152), 12 (9–15), 1.0 (0.7–1.3), 1.9 (1.4–2.6), 0.11 (0.09–0.12), 0.89 (0.63–1.21), 0.043 (0.036–0.053), 0.021 (0.021–0.023), 0.41 (0.34–0.52), 3.4 (2.6–4.3), and 3.6 (2.8–4.7) Tg yr^−1 for CO₂, CO, CH₄, NMHC_s, NO_x, NH₃, SO₂, BC, OC, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀, respectively, whereas MCD45A1-based emissions were 122 (108–144), 9.3 (7.7–11.7), 0.63 (0.46–0.86), 1.1 (0.8–1.6), 0.11 (0.10–0.13), 0.54 (0.38–0.76), 0.043 (0.038–0.051), 0.033 (0.032–0.037), 0.39 (0.34–0.47), 3.0 (2.6–3.7), and 3.3 (2.8–4.0) Tg yr^−1. Forest burning was identified as the major source of the fire emissions due to its high carbon density. Although agricultural burning was the second highest contributor, it is possible that some crop residue combustion was missed by satellite observations. This possibility is supported by comparisons with previously published data, and this result may be due to the small size of the field crop residue burning. Fire emissions were mainly concentrated in Indonesia, India, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Furthermore, the peak in the size of the burned area was generally found in the early fire season, whereas the maximum fire emissions often occurred in the late fire season. % vor jede Referenz Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15(4), 955–966, 2001. Badarinath, K. V. S., Kiran Chand, T. R., and Krishna Prasad, V.: Agriculture crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains – A study using IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data, Curr. Sci., 91, 1085–1089, 2006. Bahuguna, V. K. and Singh, S.: Fire situation in India, Int. Forest Fire News, 26, 23–27, online available at: http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/in/in_5.htm, 2002. Batjes, N. H.: Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 47, 151–163, 1996. Bicheron, P., Defourny, P., Brockmann, C., Schouten, L., Vancutsem, C., Huc, M., Bontemps, S., Leroy, M., Achard, F., Herold, M., Ranera, F., and Arino, O.: GlobCover: Products Description and Validation Report, 18, avenue E. Belin, bpi 2102, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, 2008. Biopact team: A burning issue: satellite data show very large potential of rice straw as bioenergy feedstock, online available at: http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2008/07/burning-issue-satellite-data-show-very.html, 30 July 2008. Boehm, H. D. V., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Page, S. E., Jauhiainen, J., Vasander, H., and Jaya, A.: Fire impacts and carbon release on tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, paper presented at the 22$^nd$ Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Cent. For Remote Imaging, Sens., and Process., Natl. Univ. of Singapore, Singapore, 2001. Boschetti, L. and Roy, D.: Defining a fire year for reporting and analysis of global fire inter-annual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G03020, doi:10.1029/2008JG000686, 2008. Brown, S.: Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical Forests, FAO For. Pap. 134, Food and Agric. Org., Rome, 55~pp., 1997. Brown, S., Iverson, L. R., Prasad, A., and Liu, D.: Geographical distributions of carbon in biomass and soils of tropical Asian forests, Geocarto Int., 4, 45–59, 1993. Burgan, R. E., Klaver, R. W., and Klaver, J. M.: Fuel models and fire potential from satellite and surface observations, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 8(3), 159–170, 1998. Chandra, S., Ziemke, J. R., Bhartia, P. K., and Martin, R. V.: Tropical tropospheric ozone: Implications for dynamics and biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D14), 4188, doi:10.1029/2001JD000447, 2002. Chhabra, A. and Dadhwal, V. K.: Assessment of major pools and fluxes of carbon in Indian forests, Climatic Change, 64, 341–360, 2004. Christian, T. J., Kleiss, B., Yokelson, R. J., Holzinger, R., Crutzen, P. J., Hao, W. M., Shirai, T., and Blake, D. R.: Comprehensive laboratory measurements of biomass-burning emissions: 1. Emissions from Indonesian, African, and other fuels, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 4719, doi:10.1029/2003JD003704, 2003. Crutzen, P. J. and Andreae, M. O.: Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, Science, 250, 1669–1678, 1990. Dorji, T.: Fire Situation in Bhutan, Int. Forest Fire News, 34, 55–63, online available at: http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/iffn_34/07-IFFN-34-Bhutan.pdf, 2006. Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Staudt, A. C., Yevich, R., and Logan, J. A.: Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4100, doi:10.1029/2002JD002378, 2003. European Space Agency: GLOBCARBON, Demonstration Products and Qualification Report, version 3.1, 161~pp., 2006. FAO: WRB (World Reference Base) Map of World Soil Resources, Land and Water Development Division AGL, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, online available at: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/soilres.stm, (last accesss: 2 January 2004), 2003. FAO: FAO Statistical Yearbook 2004, Food and Agric. Organ., Rome, 2006. Ferek, R. J., Reid, J. S., Hobbs, P. V., Blake, D. R., and Liousse, C.: Emission factors of hydrocarbons, halocarbons, trace gases and particles from biomass burning in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D24), 32107–32118, 1998. Hansen, M. C., DeFries, R. S., Townshend, J. R. G., Carroll, M., Dimiceli, C., and Sohlberg, R. A.: Global percent tree cover at a spatial resolution of 500 meters: First results of the MODIS vegetation continuous fields algorithm, Earth Interact., 7, 1–15, 2003. Hao, W. M. and Liu, M. H.: Spatial and temporal distribution of tropical biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 8, 495–503, 1994. Hao, W. M., Liu, M. H., and Crutzen, P. J.: Estimates of annual and regional releases of CO₂ and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975–1980, in: Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges, Ecol. Studies 84, edited by: Goldammer, J. G., Springer-Verlag, New York, 440–462, 1990. Harmon, M. E. and Hua, C.: Coarse woody debris dynamics in two old-growth, BioScience, 41(9), 604–610, 1991. Hashimotio, T., Kojima, K., Tange, T., and Sasaki, S.: Changes in carbon storage in fallow forests in the tropical lowlands of Borneo, Forest Ecol. Manag., 126, 331–337, 2000. Heil, A.: Indonesian forest and peat fires: emissions, air quality, and human health, Ph.D. thesis, Max Planck Inst. for Meteorol., Hamburg, 142~pp., 2007. Hoelzemann, J. J., Schultz, M. G., Brasseur, G. P., Granier, C., and Simon, M.: Global Wildland Fire Emission Model (GWEM): Evaluating the use of global area burnt satellite data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14S04 doi:10.1029/2003JD003666, 2004. Hoffa, E. A., Ward, D. E., Hao, W. M., Susott, R. A., and Wakimoto, R. H.: Seasonality of carbon emissions from biomass burning in a Zambian savanna, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104, 13841–13853, 1999. Ito, A., Ito, A., and Akimoto, H.: Seasonal and interannual variations in CO and BC emissions from open biomass burning in Southern Africa during 1998–2005, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2011, doi:10.1029/2006GB002848, 2007. Ito, A. and Penner, J. E.: Global estimates of biomass burning emissions based on satellite imagery for the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, D14S05, doi:10.1029/2003JD004423, 2004. Ito, A. and Penner, J. E.: Estimates of CO emissions form open biomass burning in southern Africa for the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D19306, doi:10.1029/2004JD005347, 2005. Kasischke, E. S. and Penner, J. E.: Improving global estimates of atmospheric emissions from biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14S01, doi:10.1029/2004JD004972, 2004. Kiran Chand, T. R., Badarinath, K. V. S., Krishna Prasad, V., Murthy, M. S. R., Elvidge, C. D., and Tuttle, B. T.: Monitoring forest fires over the Indian region using defense meteorological satellite program-operational Linescan system nighttime satellite data, Remote Sens. Environ., 103(2), 165–178, 2006. Kogan, F. N.: Global drought watch from space, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78(4), 621–636, 1997. Koopmans, A. and Koppejan, J.: Agricultural and Forest Residues: Generation, Utilization and Availability, Paper presented at the Regional Consultation on Modern Applications of Biomass Energy, FAO, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1997. Korontzi, S.: Seasonal patterns in biomass burning emissions from southern African vegetation fires for the year 2000, Global Change Biol., 11, 1680–1700, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01024.x, 2005. Langner, A. and Siegert, F.: Spatiotemporal fire occurrence in Borneo over a period of 10 years, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 48–62, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01828.x, 2009. Levine, J. S.: The 1997 fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra, Indonesia: Gaseous and particulate emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(7), 815–818, 1999. Liu, C. J., Hannu, I., Björn, B., Werner, K., Yang, Y. S., Ma, X. Q., and Carl, J. W.: Aboveground litterfall in Eurasian forests, J. Forest. Res., 14(1), 27–34, 2003. Matthews, E.: Global litter production, pools, and turnover times: Estimates from measurement data and regression models, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D15), 18771–18800, 1997. Michel, C., Liousse, C., Grégoire, J. M., Tansey, K., Carmichael, G. R., and Woo, J. H.: Biomass burning emission inventory from burnt area data given by the SPOTVEGETATION system in the frame of TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D9), D09304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005461, 2005. Page, S. E., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O., Boehm, H. D. V., Jaya, A., and Limin, S.: The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997, Nature, 420, 61–65, 2002. Rieley, J. O. and Page S. E. (eds): Wise Use of Tropical Peatlands: Focus on Southeast Asia, Alterra–Wageningen University and Research Centre and the EU INCO-STRAPEAT and RESTORPEAT Partnerships, Wageningen, The Netherlands, online available at: www.restorpeat.alterra.wur.nl/download/WUG.pdf, 2005. Roy, D. P. and Boschetti, L.: Southern Africa validation of the MODIS, L3JRC and GlobCarbon burned-area products, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens., 47(4), 1032–1044, 2009. Roy, D. P., Boschetti, L., Justice, C. O., and Ju, J.: The collection 5 MODIS burned area product-Global evaluation by comparison with the MODIS active fire product, Remote Sens. Environ., 112(9), 3690–3707, 2008. Roy, D. P., Lewis, P., and Justice, C. O.: Burned area mapping using multi-temporal moderate spatial resolution data-A bi-directional reflectance model-based expectation approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 263–286, 2002. Seiler, W. and Crutzen, J. P.: Estimates of the gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Climatic Change, 2, 207–247, 1980. Setzer, A. W. and Pereira, M. C.: Amazonia biomass burnings in 1987 and an estimate of their tropospheric emissions, Ambio, 20(1), 19–22, 1991. Shea, R. W., Shea, B. W., Kauffman, J. B., Ward, D. E., Haskins, C. I., and Scholes, M. C.: Fuel biomass and combustion factors associated with fires in savanna ecosystems of South Africa and Zambia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 23551–23568, 1996. Shimada, S., Takahashi, H., Kaneko, M., and Haraguchi, A.: The estimation of carbon resource in a tropical peatland: a case study in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatlands, edited by: Iwakuma, T., Inoue, T., Kohyama, T., et al., 22–23 November 1999, Bogor, Indonesia, Sapporo/Jakarta, Hokkaido University/Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 9–18, 2000. Shrestha, B. M. and Singh, B. R.: Soil and vegetation carbon pools in a mountainous watershed of Nepal, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 81, 179–191, 2008. Singh, J. S. and Yadava, P. S.: Seasonal variation of composition, plant biomass, and net primary productivity of a tropical grassland at Kurukshetra, India, Ecol. Monogr., 44, 351–376, 1974. Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Woo, J.-H., and Carmichael, G. R.: Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(4), 1099, doi:10.1029/2003GB002040, 2003. Supardi, A., Subekty, D., and Neuzil, S. G.: General geology and peat resources of the Siak Kanan and Bengkalis Island peat deposits, Sumatra, Indonesia, in: Modern and Ancient Coal Forming Environments, edited by: Cobb, J. C. and Cecil, C. B., Geological Society of America Special Paper, 86, 45–61, 1993. Tansey, K., Grégoire, J. M., Binaghi, E., Boschetti, L., Brivio, P. A., Ershov, D., Flasse, S., Fraser, R., Graetz, D., Maggi, M., Peduzzi, P., Pereira, J., Silva, J., Sousa, A., and Stroppiana, D.: A global inventory of burned areas at 1 km resolution for the year 2000 derived from SPOT VEGETATION data, Climatic Change, 67, 345–377, 2004. Tansey, K., Grégoire, J.-M., Defourny, P., Leigh, R., Pekel, J.-F., van Bogaert, E., and Bartholomé, E.: A new, global, multi-annual (2000–2007) burnt area product at 1 km resolution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01401, doi:10.1029/2007GL031567, 2008. Vadrevu, K. P., Badarinath, K. V. S., and Anuradha, E.: Spatial patterns in vegetation fires in the Indian region, Environ. Monit. Assess., 147(1), 1–13, 2008. van der Werf, G. R., Dempewolf, J., Trigg, S. N., Randerson, J. T., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., Murdiyarso, D., Peters, W. Morton, D. C., Collatz, G. J., Dolman, A. J., and DeFries, R. S.: Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 20350–20355, 2008. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, 2006. Venkataraman, C., Habib, G., Kadamba, D., Shrivastava, M., Leon, J.-F., Crouzille, B., Boucher, O., and Streets, D. G.: Emissions from open biomass burning in India: integrating the inventory approach with higher solution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) active fire and land count data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB2013, doi:10.1029/2005GB002547, 2006. Yevich, R. and Logan, J. A.: An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17(4), 1095, doi:10.1029/2002GB001952, 2003. Yokelson, R. J., Karl, T., Artaxo, P., Blake, D. R., Christian, T. J., Griffith, D. W. T., Guenther, A., and Hao, W. M.: The Tropical Forest and Fire Emissions Experiment: overview and airborne fire emission factor measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5175–5196, 2007. Zinke, P. J., Stangenberger, A. G., Post, W. M., Emanuel, W. R., and Olson, J. S.: Worldwide organic soil carbon and nitrogen data, ORNL/TM-8857, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 141, 1984.