<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACP</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7324</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acp-10-2037-2010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Numerical simulations of contrail-to-cirrus transition – Part 2: Impact of initial ice crystal number, radiation, stratification, secondary nucleation and layer depth</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Unterstrasser</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gierens</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>19</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>2037</fpage>
<lpage>2051</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2037/2010/acp-10-2037-2010.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2037/2010/acp-10-2037-2010.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2037/2010/acp-10-2037-2010.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/2037/2010/acp-10-2037-2010.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Simulations of contrail-to-cirrus transition were performed with an LES
model. In Part 1 the impact of relative humidity, temperature and vertical
wind shear was explored in a detailed parametric study. Here, we study
atmospheric parameters like stratification and depth of the supersaturated
layer and processes which may affect the contrail evolution. We consider
contrails in various radiation scenarios herein defined by the season, time
of day and the presence of lower-level cloudiness which controls the radiance
incident on the contrail layer. Under suitable conditions, controlled by the
radiation scenario and stratification, radiative heating lifts the
contrail-cirrus and prolongs its lifetime. The potential of contrail-driven
secondary nucleation is investigated. We consider homogeneous nucleation and
heterogeneous nucleation of preactivated soot cores released from sublimated
contrail ice crystals. In our model the contrail dynamics triggered by
radiative heating does not suffice to force homogeneous freezing of ambient
liquid aerosol particles. Furthermore, our model results suggest that
heterogeneous nucleation of preactivated soot cores is unimportant. Contrail
evolution is not controlled by the depth of the supersaturated layer as long
as it exceeds roughly 500 m. Deep fallstreaks however need thicker layers. A
variation of the initial ice crystal number is effective during the whole
evolution of a contrail. A cut of the soot particle emission by two orders of
magnitude can reduce the contrail timescale by one hour and the optical
thickness by a factor of 5. Hence future engines with lower soot particle
emissions could potentially lead to a reduction of the climate impact of
aviation.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="15"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Anderson, G., Clough, S., Kneizys, F., Chetwynd, J., and Shettle, E.: AFGL Atmospheric Constituent Profiles (0–120 km), AFGL~(OPI), Hanscom~AFB, MA~01736, AFGL-TR-86-0110, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Chlond, A.: Large-Eddy Simulation of Contrails, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 796–819, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Corti, T., Luo, B. P., Fu, Q., Vömel, H., and Peter, T.: The impact of cirrus clouds on tropical troposphere-to-stratosphere transport, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2539–2547, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fu, Q.: An accurate parametrization of the solar radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 9, 2058–2082, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fu, Q. and Liou, K.: Parametrization of the radiation properties of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 2008–2025, 1993. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fu, Q., Yang, P., and Sun, W.: An accurate parameterization of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds for climate models, J. Climate, 11, 2223–2237, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Fusina, F., Spichtinger, P., and Lohmann, U.: Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S14, \doi10.1029/2007JD008449, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K.: The Influence of Radiation on the Diffusional Growth of Ice Crystals, Beiträge zur Physik der Atmosphäre, 67, 181–193, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K.: Numerical Simulations of Persistent Contrails, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3333–3348, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K.: How the Sky Gets Covered with Condensation Trails, Meteorol. Z., 7, 181–187, 1998.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gierens, K. and Jensen, E.: A numerical study of the contrail-to-cirrus transition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4341–4344, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Huebsch, W. and Lewellen, D.: Sensitivity Study on Contrail Evolution, 36th~AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, AIAA, 2006–3749, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jensen, E., Ackerman, A., Stevens, D., Toon, O., and Minnis, P.: Spreading and growth of contrails in a sheared environment, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31557–31568, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kärcher, B. and Yu, F.: Role of aircraft soot emissions in contrail formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01804, \doi10.1029/2008GL036649, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kärcher, B., Busen, R., Petzold, A., Schröder, F., Schumann, U., and Jensen, E.: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols, soot, and ice particles, 2 Comparison with observations and sensitivity studies, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17129–17148, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Liu, H., Wang, P., and Schlesinger, R.: A Numerical Study of Cirrus Clouds. Part~II: Effects of Ambient Temperature, Stability, Radiation, Ice Microphysics, and Microdynamics on Cirrus Evolution, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1097–1119, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Myhre, G. and Stordal, F.: On the tradeoff of the solar and thermal infrared radiative impact of contrails, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3119–3122, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rädel, G. and Shine, K.: Evaluation of the use of radiosonde humidity data to predict the occurrence of persistent contrails, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1413–1423, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schumann, U.: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts, Meteorol. Z., NF, 5, 4–23, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schumann, U., Ström, J., Busen, R., Baumann, R., Gierens, K., Krautstrunk, M., Schröder, F., and Stingl, J.: In situ observations of particles in jet aircraft exhausts and contrails for different sulfur-containing fuels, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6853–6870, 1996. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Schumann, U., Arnold, F., Busen, R., Curtius, J., Kärcher, B., Kiendler, A., Petzold, A., Schlager, H., Schröder, F., and Wohlfrom, K.: Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft exhaust plumes: The experiments SULFUR 1-7, J. Geophys. Res., 107, \doi10.1029/2001JD000813, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Smolarkiewicz, P. and Margolin, L.: On Forward-in-Time Differencing for Fluids: an Eulerian/Semi-Lagrangian Non-Hydrostatic Model for Stratified Flows, Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modelling: The André J. Robert Memorial Volume, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Smolarkiewicz, P. and Margolin, L.: MPDATA: A Finite-Difference Solver for Geophysical Flows, J. Comput. Phys., 140, 459–480, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spichtinger, P. and Gierens, K. M.: Modelling of cirrus clouds - Part~1a: Model description and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 685–706, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spichtinger, P., Gierens, K., Leiterer, U., and Dier, H.: Ice supersaturation in the tropopause region over Lindenberg, Germany, Meteorol. Z., 12, 143–156, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stuber, N. and Forster, P.: The impact of diurnal variations of air traffic on contrail radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3153–3162, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Stuber, N., Forster, P., Radel, G., and Shine, K.: The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing, Nature, 441, 864–867, 2006.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Treffeisen, R., Krejci, R., Ström, J., Engvall, A. C., Herber, A., and Thomason, L.: Humidity observations in the Arctic troposphere over Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard based on 15~years of radiosonde data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2721–2732, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Unterstrasser, S. and Gierens, K.: Numerical simulations of contrail-to-cirrus transition - Part 1: An extensive parametric study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 2017-2036, 2010.  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Unterstrasser, S., Gierens, K., and Spichtinger, P.: The evolution of contrail microphysics in the vortex phase, Meteorol. Z., 17, 145–156, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>