ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-10-12173-2010 Comparison of global inventories of CO emissions from biomass burning derived from remotely sensed data Stroppiana D. 1 Brivio P. A. 1 Grégoire J.-M. 2 Liousse C. 3 Guillaume B. 3 Granier C. 4 5 6 Mieville A. 4 Chin M. 5 Pétron G. 6 7 CNR-IREA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell'Ambiente, Milano, Italy Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), Global Environment Monitoring Unit (GEM), Ispra (VA), Italy Laboratoire d'Aérologie, UMR 5560, Toulouse, France Service d'Aéronomie/CNRS, Paris, France NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA NOAA Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA 22 12 2010 10 24 12173 12189 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/12173/2010/acp-10-12173-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/12173/2010/acp-10-12173-2010.pdf

We compare five global inventories of monthly CO emissions named VGT, ATSR, MODIS, GFED3 and MOPITT based on remotely sensed active fires and/or burned area products for the year 2003. The objective is to highlight similarities and differences by focusing on the geographical and temporal distribution and on the emissions for three broad land cover classes (forest, savanna/grassland and agriculture). Globally, CO emissions for the year 2003 range between 365 Tg CO (GFED3) and 1422 Tg CO (VGT). Despite the large uncertainty in the total amounts, some common spatial patterns typical of biomass burning can be identified in the boreal forests of Siberia, in agricultural areas of Eastern Europe and Russia and in savanna ecosystems of South America, Africa and Australia. Regionally, the largest difference in terms of total amounts (CV > 100%) and seasonality is observed at the northernmost latitudes, especially in North America and Siberia where VGT appears to overestimate the area affected by fires. On the contrary, Africa shows the best agreement both in terms of total annual amounts (CV = 31%) and of seasonality despite some overestimation of emissions from forest and agriculture observed in the MODIS inventory. In Africa VGT provides the most reliable seasonality. Looking at the broad land cover types, the range of contribution to the global emissions of CO is 64–74%, 23–32% and 3–4% for forest, savanna/grassland and agriculture, respectively. These results suggest that there is still large uncertainty in global estimates of emissions and it increases if the comparison is carried by out taking into account the temporal (month) and spatial (0.5° × 0.5° cell) dimensions. Besides the area affected by fires, also vegetation characteristics and conditions at the time of burning should also be accurately parameterized since they can greatly influence the global estimates of CO emissions.

 References % vor jede Referenz Andreae, M. O. and Merlet, P.: Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 955–966, 2001. Anyamba, A., Justice, C. O., Tucker, C. J., and Mahoney, R.: Seasonal to interannual variability of vegetation and fires at SAFARI 2000 sites inferred from advanced very high resolution radiometer time series data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8507, doi:10.1029/2002JD002464, 2003. Arellano, A. F., Kasibhatla, P. S., Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., and Collatz, G. J.: Time-dependent inversion estimates of global biomass-burning CO emissions using Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006613, 2006. Arino, O. and Plummer, S.: The Along Track Scanning Radiometer World Fire Atlas – Detection of night-time fire activity, IGBP-DIS Working Paper #23, Postdam, Germany, 2001. Assamoi, E. and Liousse, C.: Focus on the impact of two wheel vehicles on African combustion aerosols emissions, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3985–3996, 2010. Barbosa, P. M., Stroppiana, D., Grégoire, J.-M., and Pereira, J. C. M.: An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa (1981-1991): burned area, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 13(4), 933–950, 1999. Bartholomé, E. and Belward, A.: GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26(9), 1959–1977, 2005. Bergamaschi, P., Hein, R., Heimann, M., and Crutzen, P. J.: Inversion modeling of the global CO cycle: 1. Inversion of CO mixing ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D2), 1909–1927, 2000. Bian, H., Chin, M., Kawa, S. R., Duncan, B., Arellano, A., and Kasibhatla, P.: Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources, J. Geophys. Res., 112(D2), D23308, doi:10.1029/2006JD008376, 2007. Boschetti, L., Eva, H. D., Brivio, P. A., and Grégoire, J.-M.: Lessons to be learned from the comparison of three satellite-derived biomass burning products, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(21), L21501, doi:10.1029/2004GL021229, 2004. Canadell, J. G., Raupach, M. R., and Houghton, R. A.: Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Africa, Biogeosciences, 6, 463–468, doi:10.5194/bg-6-463-2009, 2009. Chang, D. and Song, Y.: Comparison of L3JRC and MODIS global burned area products from 2000 and 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D16106, doi:10.1029/2008JD011361, 2009. Chevallier, F., Fortems, A., Bousquet, P., Pison, I., Szopa, S., Devaux, M., and Hauglustaine, D. A.: African CO emissions between years 2000 and 2006 as estimated from MOPITT observations, Biogeosciences, 6, 103–111, doi:10.5194/bg-6-103-2009, 2009. Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric Aerosol Optical Thickness from the GOCART Model and Comparisons with Satellite and Sun Photometer Measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461–483, 2002. Conard, S. G., Sukhinin, A. I., Stocks, B. J., Cahoon, D. R., Davidenko, E. P., and Ivanova, G. A.: Determining effects of area burned and fire severity on carbon cycling and emissions in Siberia, Climatic Change, 55, 197–211, 2002. Cooke, W. F., Koffi, B., and Grégoire, J. M.: Seasonality of vegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 21051–21065, 1996. Crutzen, P. J. and Zimmermann, P. H.: The changing photochemistry f the troposphere, Tellus, 43AB, 136–151, 1991. Crutzen, P. J., Heidt, L. E., Krasnec, J. P., Pollock, W. H., and Seiler, W.: Biomass burning as a source of atmospheric gases CO, H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, CH<sub>3</sub>CL and COS. Nature, 282, 253–256, 1979. Dwyer, E., Pinnock, S., Grégoire, J.-M., and Pereira, J. M. C.: Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fires as determined from satellite observations, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21, 1289–1302, 2000. Edwards, D. P , Emmons, L. K., Hauglustaine, D. A., Chu, A., Gille, J. C., Kaufman, Y. J., Petron, G., Yurganov, L. N., Giglio, L., Deeter, M. N., Yudin, V., Ziskin, D. C., Warner, J., Lamarque, J. -F., Francis, G. L., Ho, S. P., Mao, D., Chen, J., Grechko, E. I., and Drummond, J. R.: Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004727, 2004. Friedli, H. R., Arellano, A. F., Cinnirella, S., and Pirrone, N.: Initial estimates of mercury emissions to the atmosphere from global biomass burning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3507–3513, 2009. Generoso, S., Bréon, F.-M., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., and Schulz, M.: Improving the seasonal cycle and interannual variations of biomass burning aerosol sources, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1211–1222, doi:10.5194/acp-3-1211-2003, 2003. Giglio, L., van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., and Kasibhatla, P.: Global estimation of burned area using MODIS active fire observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 957–974, doi:10.5194/acp-6-957-2006, 2006. Giglio, L., Loboda, T., Roy, D. P., Quayle, B., and Justice, C. O.: An active-fire based burned area mapping algorithm for the MODIS sensor, Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 408–420, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.10.006, 2009. Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T., van der Werf, G. R., Kasibhatla, P. S., Collatz, G. J., Morton, D. C., and DeFries, R. S.: Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products, Biogeosciences, 7, 1171–1186, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1171-2010, 2010. Grégoire, J.-M., Tansey, K., and Silva, J. M. N.: The GBA2000 initiative: Developing a global burned area database from SPOT-VEGETATION imagery, Int. J. Remote Sens., 24(6), 1369–1376, 2003. Hély, C., Dowty, P. R., Alleaume, S., Caylor, K. K., Korontzi, S., Swap, R. J., Shugart, H. H., and Justice, C. O.: Regional fuel load for two climatically contrasting years in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8475, doi:10.1029/2002JD002341, 2003. Hobbs, P. V., Reid, J. S., Kotchenruther, R. A., Ferek, R. J., and Weiss, R.: Direct Radiative forcing by smoke from biomass burning, Science, 275, 1776–1778, 1997. Horowitz, L., Walters, S., Mauzerall, D., Emmons, L., Rasch, P., Granier, C., Tie, X., Lamarque, J.-F., Schultz, M., Tyndall, G., Orlando, J., and Brasseur, G.: A global simulation of tropospheric ozone and related tracers: Description and evaluation of MOZART, version 2, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4784, doi:10.1029/2002JD002853, 2003. Innes, J. L., Beniston, M., and Verstraete, M. M. (Eds.): Biomass burning & its inter-relations with the climate system, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, Climate Change 2001, The scientific basis, available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg1/index.htm, 2001. IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Climate Change 2007, The physical science basis, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm, 2007. Jain, A. K.: Global estimation of CO emissions using three sets of satellite data for burned area, Atmos. Environ., 41, 6931–6940, 2007. Justice, C. O., Giglio, L., Korontzi, S., Owens, J., Morisette, J., Roy, D., Descloitres, J., Alleaume, S., Petitcolin, F., and Kaufman, T.: The MODIS fire products, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 244–262, 2002. Konare, A., Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Solmon, F., Assamoi, P., Rosset, R., Gregoire, J. M., and Giorgi, F.: Combustion particulate emissions in Africa: regional climate modeling and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 8, 6653–6681, doi:10.5194/acpd-8-6653-2008, 2008. Kopacz, M., Jacob, D. J., Fisher, J. A., Logan, J. A., Zhang, L., Megretskaia, I. A., Yantosca, R. M., Singh, K., Henze, D. K., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Khlystova, I., McMillan, W. W., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., Eldering, A., Thouret, V., and Nedelec, P.: Global estimates of CO sources with high resolution by adjoint inversion of multiple satellite datasets (MOPITT, AIRS, SCIAMACHY, TES), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 855–876, doi:10.5194/acp-10-855-2010, 2010. Korontzi, S., McCarty, J., Loboda, T., Kumar, S., and Justice, C.: Global disitrubtion of agricultural fires in croplands from 3 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20(2), G2021, doi:10.1029/2005GB002529, 2006. Langenfelds, R. L., Francey, R. J., Pak, B. C., Steele, L. P., Lloyd, J., Trudinger, C. M., and Allison, C. E.: Interannual growth rate variations of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and its d13C, H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO between 1992 and 1999 linked to biomass burning, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1048, doi:10.1029/2001GB001466, 2002. Langmann, B., Duncan, B., Textor, C., Trentmann, J., and van der Werf, G. R.: Vegetation fire emissions and their impact on air pollution and climate, Atmos. Environ, 43, 107–116, 2009. Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Walton, J. J., Eddleman, H., Chuang, C., and Cachier, H.: Modelling Biomass burning aerosols, in: Biomass Burning and Global Change, edited by: dir. Levine J. S., MIT Press (Cambridge), 492–508, 1996. Liousse, C., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, P., Cachier, H., Grégoire, J. M. , Hobbs, P., Lavoué, D., Mouillot, F., Penner, J., and Scholes, M.: Deriving Global Quantitative Estimates for Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Biomass Burning Emissions, in: Emissions of Atmospheric Trace Compounds, edited by: Granier, C., Artaxo, P., and Reeves, C., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 544~pp., 2004. Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Grégoire, J.M. , Mallet, M. , Galy, C. , Poirson, A. , Solmon, F. , Pont, V., Mariscal, A. , Dungal, L., Rosset, R., Yoboué, V., Bedou, X., Serça, D., Konaré, A., Granier, C., and Mieville, A.: African Aerosols Modeling during the EOP-AMMA campaign with updated~biomass burning emission inventories, to be submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2010. Liu, J., Drummond, J. R., Li, Q., Gille, J. C., and Ziskin, D. C.: Satellite mapping of CO emission from forest fires in Northwest America using MOPITT measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 95, 502–516, 2005. Manning, M. R., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., and Allan, W.: The atmospheric carbon monoxide budget of the southern hemisphere: implication of $^13$C/$^12$C measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10673–10682, 1997. Mieville, A., Granier, C., Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Mouillot, F., Lamarque, J.-F., Grégoire, J.-M., and Pétron, G.: Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1469–1477, 2010. Michel, C., Liousse, C., Grégoire, J.-M., Tansey, K., Carmichael, G. R., and Woo, J.-H.: Biomass burning emission inventory from burn area data given by the SPOT-VEGETATION system in the fram of TRACE-P and ACE-Asia campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09304, doi:10.1029/2004JD005461, 2005. Mollicone, D., Eva, H., and Achard, F.: Human role in Russian wild fires, Nature, 440, 436–437, 2006. Mota, B. W., Pereira, J. M. C., Oom, D., Vasconcelos, M. J. P., and Schultz, M.: Screening the ESA ATSR-2 World Fire Atlas (1997–2002), Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 5, 4641–4677, doi:10.5194/acpd-5-4641-2005, 2005. NASA/University of Maryland: MODIS Hotspot / Active Fire Detections. Data set. MODIS Rapid Response Project, NASA/GSFC [producer], University of Maryland, Fire Information for Resource Management System [distributors], available at: http://maps.geog.umd.edu/firms/firedata.htm (last access: December 2010), 2002. Novelli, P. C., Masarie, K. A., Lang, P. M., Hall, B. D., Myers, R. C., and Elkins, J. W.: Reanalysis of tropospheric CO trends: Effects of the 1997–1998 wildfires, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108(D15), 4464, doi:10.1029/2002JD003031, 2003. Olivier, J. G. J. and Berdowski J. J. M.: Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, edited by: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R., and Heij, B. J., A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt., 33–78, 2001. Pétron, G., Granier, C., Khattatov, B., Larmarque, J.-F., Yudin, V., Muller, J.-F., and Gille, J.: Inverse modeling of carbon monoxide surface emissions using CMDL network observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4762, doi:10.1029/2001JD002049, 2002. Pétron, G., Granier, C., Khattatov, B., Yudin, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Emmons, L., Gille, J., and Edwards, D. P.: Monthly CO surface sources inventory based on the 2000–2001 MOPITT satellite data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21107, doi:10.1029/2004GL020560, 2004. Podgorny, I. A., Li, F., and Rammanathan, V.: Large aerosol radiative forcing due to the 1997 Indonesian forest fire, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, GL015979, doi:10.1029/2002GL015979, 2003. Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F., and Eleuterio, D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799–825, doi:10.5194/acp-5-799-2005, 2005. Roberts, G., Wooster, M. J., and Lagoudakis, E.: Annual and diurnal african biomass burning temporal dynamics, Biogeosciences, 6, 849–866, doi:10.5194/bg-6-849-2009, 2009. Seiler, W. and Crutzen, P. J.: Estimate of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning, Climate Change, 2, 207–247, 1980. Schultz, M. G.: On the use of ATSR fire count data to estimate the seasonal and interannual variability of vegetation fire emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 387–395, doi:10.5194/acp-2-387-2002, 2002. Stroppiana, D., Brivio, P. A., and Grégoire, J.-M.: Modelling the impact of vegetation fires, detected from NOAA-AVHRR data, on tropospheric chemistry in tropical Africa. In Biomass burning & its inter-relations with the climate system, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 193–213, 2000. Tansey, K., Grégoire, J. M., Stroppiana, D., Sousa, A., Silva, J., Pereira, J. M. C., Boschetti, L., Maggi, M., Brivio, P. A., Fraser, R., Flasse, S., Ershov, D., Binaghi, E., Graetz, D., and Peduzzi, P.: Vegetation burning in the year 2000: Global burned area estimates from SPOT vegetation data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D14S03, doi:10.1029/2003JD003598, 2004. Tansey, K., Grégoire, J. M., Defourny, P., Leigh, R., Pekel, J. F., Van Bogaert, E., and Bartholomè, E.: A new, global, multi-annual (2000–2007) burnt area product at 1 km resolution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01401, doi:10.1029/2007GL031567, 2008. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Collatz, G. J., Giglio, L., Kasibhatla, P. S., Arellano, A. F., Olsen, S. C., and Kasichke, E.: Continental-scale partitioning of fire emissions during the 1997 to 2001 El Nino/La Nina period, Science, 303, 73–76, 2004. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423–3441, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707–11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010. Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R., and Swetnam, T. W.: Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity, Science, 313, 940–943, doi:10.1126/science.1128834, 2006. Williams, C. A., Hanan, N. P., Neff, J. C., Scholes, R. J., Berry, J. A., Denning, A. S., and Baker, D. F.: Africa and the global carbon cycle, Carbon Balance and Management, 2(3), doi:10.1186/1750-0680-2-3, 2007. Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W., and Kaufman, Y. J.: Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24311, doi:10.1029/2005JD006318, 2005. Yan, X., Ohara, T., and Akimoto, H.: Bottom-up estimate of biomass burning in mainland China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5262–5273, 2006. Yurganov, L. N., Duchatelet, P., Dzhola, A. V., Edwards, D. P., Hase, F., Kramer, I., Mahieu, E., Mellqvist, J., Notholt, J., Novelli, P. C., Rockmann, A., Scheel, H. E., Schneider, M., Schulz, A., Strandberg, A., Sussmann, R., Tanimoto, H., Velazco, V., Drummond, J. R., and Gille, J. C.: Increased Northern Hemispheric carbon monoxide burden in the troposphere in 2002 and 2003 detected from the ground and from space, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 563–573, doi:10.5194/acp-5-563-2005, 2005.