References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-10-121-2010

Annual cycle of ozone at and above the tropical tropopause: observations versus simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)

Konopka

¹ Grooß

J.-U.

¹ Günther

¹ Ploeger

¹ Pommrich

¹ Müller

¹ Livesey

Forschungszentrum Jülich (ICG-1: Stratosphere), Jülich, Germany

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

11 01 2010

10 1 121 132

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/121/2010/acp-10-121-2010.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/121/2010/acp-10-121-2010.pdf

Multi-annual simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) were conducted to study the seasonality of O3 within the stratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), i.e. above θ=360 K potential temperature level. In agreement with satellite (HALOE) and in-situ observations (SHADOZ), CLaMS simulations show a pronounced annual cycle in O3, at and above θ=380 K, with the highest mixing ratios in the late boreal summer. Within the model, this cycle is driven by the seasonality of both upwelling and in-mixing. The latter process occurs through enhanced horizontal transport from the extratropics into the TTL that is mainly driven by the meridional, isentropic winds. The strongest in-mixing occurs during the late boreal summer from the Northern Hemisphere in the potential temperature range between 370 and 420 K. Complementary, the strongest upwelling occurs in winter reducing O3 to the lowest values in early spring. Both CLaMS simulations and Aura MLS O3 observations consistently show that enhanced in-mixing in summer is mainly driven by the Asian monsoon anticyclone.

References 1

Andrews, D G., Holton, J R., and Leovy, C B.: Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 1987.

Avallone, L M. and Prather, M J.: Tracer-tracer correlations: Three-dimensional model simulations and comparisons to observations, J Geophys. Res., 102, 19233–19246, 1997.

Borchi, F., Pommereau, J.-P., Garnier, A., and Pinharanda, M.: Evaluation of SHADOZ sondes, HALOE and SAGE~II ozone profiles at the tropics from SAOZ~UV-Vis remote measurements onboard long duration balloons, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1381–1397, 2005.

Chae, J H. and Sherwood, S C.: Annual temperature cycle of the tropical tropopause: A simple model study, J Geophys. Res., 112, 1–10, 2007.

Chen, P.: Isentropic cross-tropopause mass exchange in the extratropics, J Geophys. Res., 100, 16661–16673, 1995.

Dethof, A., O'Neill, A., Slingo, J M., and Smit, H. G J.: A mechanism for moistening the lower stratosphere involving the Asian summer monsoon, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 556(125), 1079–1106, 1999.

Folkins, I., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J., Oltmans, S J., and Proffitt, M.: A barrier to vertical mixing at 14 km in the tropics: Evidence from ozonesondes and aircraft measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 104, 22095–22102, 1999.

Folkins, I., Bernath, P., Boone, C., Lesins, G., Livesey, N., Thompson, A M., Walter, K., and Witte, J C.: Seasonal cycles of O3, CO, and convective outflow at the tropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16802, \doi10.1029/2006GL026602, 2006.

Fueglistaler, S., Dessler, A E., Dunkerton, T J., Folkins, I., Fu, Q., and Motte, P W.: Tropical tropopause layer, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1004, \doi10.1029/2008RG000267, 2009a.

Fueglistaler, S., Legras, B., Beljaars, A., Morcrette, J.-J., Simmons, A., Tompkins, A M., and Uppapla, S.: The diabatic heat budget of the upper troposphere and lower/mid stratosphere in ECMWF reanalysis, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 135, 21–37, \doi10.1002/qj.361, 2009b.

Gettelman, A., de~F Fujiwara, P M., Fu, Q., Vömel, H., Gohar, L K., Johanson, C., and Aaammerman, M.: Radiation balance of the tropical tropopause layer, J Geophys. Res., 109, D07103, \doi10.1029/2003JD004190, 2004.

Grooß, J.-U.: Modelling of Stratospheric Chemistry based on HALOE/UARS Satellite Data, PhD thesis, University of Mainz, 1996.

Grooß, J.-U. and Russell~III, J. M.: Technical note: A stratospheric climatology for O3, H2O, CH4, NOx, HCl and HF derived from HALOE measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2797–2807, 2005.

Haynes, P. and Shuckburgh, E.: Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport, 2, Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 105, 22795–22810, 2000.

Konopka, P., Günther, G., Müller, R., dos Santos, F. H. S., Schiller, C., Ravegnani, F., Ulanovsky, A., Schlager, H., Volk, C. M., Viciani, S., Pan, L. L., McKenna, D.-S., and Riese, M.: Contribution of mixing to upward transport across the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3285–3308, 2007.

Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Plöger, F., and Müller, R.: Annual cycle of horizontal in-mixing into the lower tropical stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D19111, doi:10.1029/2009JD011955, 2009.

Kr�ger, K., Tegtmeier, S., and Rex, M.: Variability of residence time in the Tropical Tropopause Layer during Northern Hemisphere winter, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6717–6725, 2009.

Livesey, N J., Filipiak, M J., Froidevaux, L., Read, W G., Lambert, A., Santee, M L., Jiang, J H., Pumphrey, H C., Waters, J W., Cofield, R E., Cuddy, D T., Daffer, W H., Drouin, B J., Fuller, R A., Jarnot, R F., Jiang, Y B., Knosp, B W., Li, Q B., Perun, V S., Schwartz, M J., Snyder, W V., Stek, P C., Thurstans, R P., Wagner, P A., Avery, M., Browell, E V., Cammas, J.-P., Christensen, L E., Diskin, G S., Gao, R.-S., Jost, H.-J., Loewenstein, M., Lopez, J D., Nedelec, P., Osterman, G B., Sachse, G W., and Webster, C R.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder O3 and CO observations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 113, D15S02, \doi10.1029/2007JD008805, 2008.

Mahowald, N M., Plumb, R A., Rasch, P J., del Corral, J., and Sassi, F.: Stratospheric transport in a three-dimensional isentropic coordinate model, J Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4254, \doi10.1029/2001JD001313, 2002.

Marcy, T P., Popp, P J., Gao, R S., Fahey, D W., Ray, E A., Richard, E C., Thompson, T L., Atlas, E L., Loewenstein, M., Wofsy, S C., Park, S., Weinstock, E M., Swart, W H., and Mahoney, M J.: Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7253–7261, 2007.

McKenna, D S., Konopka, P., Grooß, J.-U., Günther, G., Müller, R., Spang, R., Offermann, D., and Orsolini, Y.: A new Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS): 1 Formulation of advection and mixing, J Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4309, \doi10.1029/2000JD000114, 2002.

Morcrette, J.-J.: Radiation and Cloud Radiative Properties in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Forecasting System, J Geophys. Res., 96(D5), 9121–9132, 1991.

Mote, P W., Dunkerton, T J., McIntyre, M E., Ray, E A., Haynes, P H., and Russell~III, J M.: Vertical velocity, vertical diffusion, and dilution by midlatitude air in the tropical lower stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 103, 8651–8666, 1998.

Niwano, M., Yamazaki, K., and Shiotani, M.: Seasonal and QBO variations of ascent rate in the tropical lower stratosphere as inferred from UARS HALOE trace gas data, J Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4794, \doi10.1029/2003JD003871, 2003.

Park, M., Randel, W J., Emmons, L K., Bernath, P F., Walker, K A., and Boone, C D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, J Geophys. Res., 112, D16309, \doi10.1029/2006JD008294, 2007.

Park, M., Randel, W. J., Emmons, L. K., Bernath, P. F., Walker, K. A., and Boone, C. D.: Chemical isolation in the Asian monsoon anticyclone observed in Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE-FTS) data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 757–764, 2008.

Ploeger, F., Konopka, P., Günther, G., Grooß, J.-U., and Müller, R.: Impact of the vertical velocity scheme on modeling transport across the tropical tropopause layer, J Geophys. Res., \doi10.1029/2009JD012023, in press, 2009.

Plumb, R A.: A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J Geophys. Res., 101, 3957–3972, 1996.

Randel, W J. and Park, M.: Deep convective influence on the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone and associated tracer variability observed with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), J Geophys. Res., 111, D12314, \doi10.1029/2005JD006490, 2006.

Randel, W J., Park, M., Wu, F., and Livesey, N.: A large annual cycle in ozone above the tropical tropopause linked to the Brewer-Dobson circulation, J Atmos. Sci., 64, 4479–4488, 2007.

Read, W. G., Schwartz, M. J., Lambert, A., Su, H., Livesey, N. J., Daffer, W. H., and Boone, C. D.: The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in-situ freeze-drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6051–6067, 2008.

Ricaud, P., Barret, B., Attié, J.-L., Motte, E., Le Flochmo\"en, E., Teyssèdre, H., Peuch, V.-H., Livesey, N., Lambert, A., and Pommereau, J.-P.: Impact of land convection on troposphere-stratosphere exchange in the tropics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5639–5657, 2007.

Rosenlof, K H.: Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere, J Geophys. Res., 100, 5173–5191, 1995.

Schoeberl, M R., Kawa, S R., Douglass, A R., Waters, J., Livesey, N., Read, W., and Filipiak, M.: The carbon monoxide tape recorder, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12811, \doi10.1029/2006GL026178, 2006.

Schoeberl, M R., Douglass, A R., Newman, P A., Lait, L R., Lary, D., Waters, J., Livesey, N., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Read, W., Filipiak, M J., and Pumphrey, H C.: QBO and annual cycle variations in tropical lower stratosphere trace gases from HALOE and Aura MLS observations, J Geophys. Res., 113, D05301, \doi10.1029/2007JD008678, 2008.

Thompson, A M., Witte, J C., Smit, H. G J., Oltmans, S J., Johnson, B J., Kirchhoff, V W., and Schmidlin, F J.: Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) 1998–2004 tropical ozone climatology: 3 Instrumentation, station-to-station variability, and evaluation with simulated flight profiles, J Geophys. Res., 112, D03304, 1297–1300, \doi10.1029/2005JD007042, 2007.

Tuck, A F., Baumgardner, D., Chan, K R., Dye, J E., Elkins, J W., Hovde, S J., Kelly, K K., Loewenstein, M., Margitan, J J., May, R D., Podolske, J R., Proffitt, M H., Rosenlof, K H., Smith, W L., Webster, C R., and Wilson, J C.: The Brewer-Dobson circulation in the light of high altitude in situ aircraft observation, Q J Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1–69, 1997.

Volk, C M., Elkins, J W., Fahey, D W., Salawitch, R J., Dutton, G S., Gilligan, J M., Proffitt, M H., Loewenstein, M., Podolske, J R., Minschwaner, K., Margitan, J J., and Chan, K R.: Quantifying transport between the tropical and mid-latitude lower stratosphere, Science, 272, 1763–1768, 1996.

Yang, Q., Fu, Q., Austin, J., Gettelman, A., Li, F., and Vömel, H.: Observationally derived and general circulation model simulated tropical stratospheric upward mass fluxes, J Geophys. Res., 113, D00B07, doi:10.1029/2008JD009945, 2008.

Zhou, J. and Lau, K M.: Does a Monsoon Climate Exist over South America?, J Climate, 11, 1020–1040, 1998.