ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ACP 1680-7324 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acp-10-11839-2010 Mid-latitude ozone monitoring with the GOMOS-ENVISAT experiment version 5: the noise issue Keckhut P. 1 Hauchecorne A. 1 Blanot L. 2 Hocke K. 3 4 Godin-Beekmann S. 1 Bertaux J.-L. 1 Barrot G. 2 Kyrölä E. 5 van Gijsel J. A. E. 6 Pazmino A. 1 LATMOS-IPSL, CNRS/INSU, UMR 8190, UVSQ, UPMC, Guyancourt, France ACRI-ST, Sophia Antipolis, Sophia Antipolis, France Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland FMI, Helsinki, Finland RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 13 12 2010 10 23 11839 11849 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/11839/2010/acp-10-11839-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/11839/2010/acp-10-11839-2010.pdf

The GOMOS ozone profiles have been analysed to evaluate the GOMOS ability to capture the long-term ozone evolution at mid-latitudes during the expected recovery phase of the ozone layer. Version 5 of the operational GOMOS ozone data has been compared with data from two of the longest ground-based instruments based on different techniques and already involved with many other previous space instrument validations. Comparisons between ground-based and GOMOS data confirm the occurrence of spurious retrievals mainly occurring since 2006. Using a selected set of data it is shown that some bad retrievals are induced by the increasing dark charge of the detectors combined with an inadequate method for its correction. This effect does not only induce a continuous bias, but is rather exhibiting a bimodal distribution including the correct profiles and the bad retrievals. For long-term analyses it is recommended filtering the data according to background light conditions and star temperature (spectrum shape). The new method of the dark charge estimate proposed to be implemented in the version 6 of the ESA algorithm seems to significantly reduce the occurrence of such effects and should allow to monitor stratospheric ozone using GOMOS data with greater confidence.

 References Bertaux, J. L., Chipperfeld, M., Dalaudier, F., Fussen, D., Hauchecorne, A., Kyrölä, E., Leppelmeier, G., and Roscoe, H. K.: Envisat GOMOS, An Instrument for Global Atmospheric Ozone Monitoring, ESA SP-1244 coordinated by: Readings, C. J. and Wehr, T., 2001. Bertaux, J.-L., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Cot, C., Kyrölä, E., Fussen, D., Tamminen, J., Leppelmeier, G.-W., Sofieva, V., Hassinen, S., Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Mangin, A., Théodore, B., Guirlet, M., Korablev, O., Snoeij, P. R., Koopman, R., and Fraisse, R.: First results on GOMOS/ENVISAT, Adv. Space Res., 33(7), 1029–1035, 2004. Bertaux, J. L., Kyrölä, E., Fussen, D., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Sofieva, V., Tamminen, J., Vanhellemont, F., Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Mangin, A., Blanot, L., Lebrun, J. C., P\'erot, K., Fehr, T., Saavedra, L., and Fraisse, R.: Global ozone monitoring by occultation of stars: an overview of GOMOS measurements on ENVISAT, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 9917–10076, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-9917-2010, 2010. Bhartia, P., Wellemeyer, K., Taylor, C., Nath, S. L., and Gopalan, A.: Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) version 8 profile algorithm, in: Proceedings of the Quadrennial Ozone Symposium, 2004, edited by: Zerefos, C., Int. Ozone Comm., Athens, Greece, 295–296, 2004. Braathen, G. O., Godin-Beekmann, S., Keckhut, P., McGee, T. J., Gross, M. R., Vialle, C., and Hauchecorne, A.: Intercomparison of stratospheric ozone and temperature measurements at the Observatoire de Haute Provence during the OTOIC NDSC validation campaign from 1-18 July 1997, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 4, 5303–5344, doi:10.5194/acpd-4-5303-2004, 2004. Brinksma, E. J., Bracher, A., Lolkema, D. E., Segers, A. J., Boyd, I. S., Bramstedt, K., Claude, H., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hansen, G., Kopp, G., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Meijer, Y. J., Nakane, H., Parrish, A., von Savigny, C., Stebel, K., Swart, D. P. J., Taha, G., and Piters, A. J. M.: Geophysical validation of SCIAMACHY Limb Ozone Profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 197–209, doi:10.5194/acp-6-197-2006, 2006. Cortesi, U., Lambert, J. C., De Clercq, C., Bianchini, G., Blumenstock, T., Bracher, A., Castelli, E., Catoire, V., Chance, K. V., De Maziére, M., Demoulin, P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Jones, N., Jucks, K., Keim, C., Kerzenmacher, T., Kuellmann, H., Kuttippurath, J., Iarlori, M., Liu, G. Y., Liu, Y., McDermid, I. S., Meijer, Y. J., Mencaraglia, F., Mikuteit, S., Oelhaf, H., Piccolo, C., Pirre, M., Raspollini, P., Ravegnani, F., Reburn, W. J., Redaelli, G., Remedios, J. J., Sembhi, H., Smale, D., Steck, T., Taddei, A., Varotsos, C., Vigouroux, C., Waterfall, A., Wetzel, G., and Wood, S.: Geophysical validation of MIPAS-ENVISAT operational ozone data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4807–4867, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4807-2007, 2007. Dumitru, D., Hocke, C. K., Kämpfer, N., and Calisesi, Y.: Comparison and validation studies related to ground-base microwave observations of ozone in the stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phy., 68(7), 745–756, 2006. Farman, J. C. and Shanklin, J. D.: Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClO<sub>x</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> interaction, Nature, 315, 207–10, 1985. Fioletov, V. E., Tarasick, D. W., and Petropavlovskikh, I.: Estimating ozone variability and instrument uncertainties from SBUV(/2), ozonesonde, Umkehr, and SAGE~II measurements: Shortterm variations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006340, 2006. Godin, S., Mégie, G., and Pelon, P.: Systematic Lidar Measurements of the Stratospheric Ozone vertical Distribution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16(16), 547–550, 1989. Godin-Beekmann, S., Porteneuve, J., and Garnier, A.: Systematic DIAL ozone measurements at Observatoire de Haute-Provence, J. Env. Monitoring, 5, 57–67, 2003. Hauchecorne, A., Bertaux, J.-L., Dalaudier, F., Cot, C., Lebrun J.-C., Bekki, S., Marchand, M., Kyrölä, E., Tamminen, J., Sofieva, V., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Mangin, A., Théodore, B., Guirlet, M., Snoeij, P., Koopman, R., Saavedra de Miguel, L., Fraisse, R., and Renard, J.-B.: GOMOS NO<sub>2</sub> NO<sub>3</sub>: First simultaneous global climatologies of night-time stratospheric NO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub> observed by GOMOS/ENVISAT in 2003, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005711, 2005. Hays, P. B. and R. G. Roble: Stellarspectra and atmospheric composition, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1141–1153, 1968. Hocke, K., Kämpfer, N., Ruffieux, D., Froidevaux, L., Parrish, A., Boyd, I., von Clarmann, T., Steck, T., Timofeyev, Y. M., Polyakov, A. V., and Kyrölä, E.: Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4117–4131, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4117-2007, 2007. Iapaolo M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Del Frate, S., Casadio, F., McDermid, S., M., Leblanc, T., Swart, D., Meijer, Y., Hansen, G., and Stebel, K.: Gome Ozone Profiles Retrieved By Neural Network Techniques: A Global Validation With Lidar Measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 107, 105–119, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.02.015, 2007 Jiang, Y. B., Froidevaux, L., Lambert, A., Livesey, N. J., Allaart, M., and Kelder, H.: Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements, J. Geophys. Res.,112, D24S34, doi:10.1029/2007JD008776, 2007. Keckhut, P., McDermid, S., Swart, D., McGee, T., Godin-Beekmann, S., Adriani, A., Barnes, J., Baray, J.-L., Bencherif, H., Claude, H., Fiocco, G., Hansen, G., Hauchecorne, A., Leblanc, T., Lee, C. H., Pal, S., Megie, G., Nakane, H., Neuber, R., Steinbrecht, W., and Thayer, J.: Review of ozone and temperature lidar validations performed within the framework of the network for the detection of stratospheric change, J. Environ. Monit., 6, 721–733, 2004. Konradi, A., Badhwar, G. D., and Braby, L. A.: Recent space shuttle observations of the South Atlantic Anomaly and radiation belt models, Adv. Space Res., 14(10), 911–921, 1994. Kurylo, M. J. and Solomon, S.: Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change, NASA Rep, Code EEU, 1990. Kyrölä, E., Tamminen, J., Leppelmeier, G. W., Sofieva, V., Hassinen, S., Bertaux, J. L., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Cot, C., Korablev, O., FantonD'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Mangin, A., Théodore, B., Guirlet, M., Etanchaud, F., Snoeij, P., Koopman, R., Saavedra, L., Fraisse, R., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F.: GOMOS on Envisat: An overview, Adv. Space Res., 33, 1020–1028, 2004. Kyrölä, E., Tamminen, J., Leppelmeier, G. W., Sofieva, V., Hassinen, S., Sepp"al"a, A., Verronen, P. T., Bertaux, J.-L., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F. Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Mangin, A., Theodore, B., Guirlet, M., Koopman, R., Saavedra, L., Snoeij, P., and Fehr, T.: Nighttime ozone profiles in the stratosphere and mesosphere by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars on Envisat, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007193, 2006. Kyrölä, E., Tamminen, J., Sofieva, V., Bertaux, J. L., Hauchecorne, A., Dalaudier, F., Fussen, D., Vanhellemont, F., Fanton d'Andon, O., Barrot, G., Guirlet, M., Mangin, A., Blanot, L., Fehr, T., Saavedra de Miguel, L., and Fraisse, R.: Retrieval of atmospheric parameters from GOMOS data, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 10145–10217, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-10145-2010, 2010. McCormick, M. P., Zawodny, J. M., Veiga, R. E., Larsen, J. C., and Wang, P.-H.: An Overview of SAGE~I and II Ozone Measurements, Planet. Space Sci., 37(12), 1567–1586, 1989. McGee, T. J., Gross, M., Ferrare, R., Heaps, W. S., and Singh, U. N.:Raman DIAL measurements of Stratospheric Ozone in the presence of volcanic aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 955–958, 1993. Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S. B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., von der Gathen, P., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H. M., Koelemeijer, R., Kois, B., Koopman, R. M., Kopp, G., Lambert, J.- C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Pal, S., Schets, H., Stubi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., and Yela, M.: Pole-to-pole validation of Envisat GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and balloon sonde measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23305, doi:10.1029/2004JD004834, 2004. Meijer, Y. J., Swart, D. P. J., Baier, F., Bhartia, P. K., Bodeker, G. E., Casadio, S., Chance, K., Del Frate, F., Erbertseder, T., Flynn, L. E., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hansen, G., Hasekamp, O. P., Kaifel, A., Kelder, H. M., Kerridge, B. J., Lambert, J.-C., Landgraf, J., Latter , B., Liu, X., Mcdermid, I. S., Müller , M. D., Pachepsky, Y., Rozanov, V., Siddans, R., Tellmann, S., Van Der A , R. J., Van Oss, R. F., Weber, M., and Zehner, C.: Evaluation of GOME ozone profiles from nine different algorithms, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21306, doi:10.1029/2005JD006778, 2006. Mze, N., Hauchecorne, A., Bencherif, H., Dalaudier, F., and Bertaux, J.-L.: Climatology and comparison of ozone from ENVISAT/GOMOS and SHADOZ/balloon-sonde observations in the southern tropics, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8025–8035, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8025-2010, 2010. Nazaryan, H. and McCormick, M. P.: Comparisons of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE~II) and Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV/2) ozone profiles and trend estimates, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D17302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005483, 2005. Peter, R.: The Ground-based Millimeter-wave Ozone Spectrometer – GROMOS, IAP Research Report, No 1997-13, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, 1997. Petropavlovskikh, I., Bhartia, P. K., and DeLuisi J.: New Umkehr ozone profile retrieval algorithm optimized for climatological studies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16808, doi:10.1029/2005GL023323, 2005. Rozanov, A., Eichmann, K.-U. , von Savigny, C., Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J.P., von Bargen, A., Doicu, A., Hilgers, S,. Godin-Beekmann, S., Leblanc, T., and McDermid, I.S..: Comparison of the inversion algorithms applied to the ozone vertical profile retrieval from SCIAMACHY limb measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4763–4779, 2007. Steinbrecht, W., Claude, H., Schönenborn, F., McDermid, I. S., Leblanc, T., Godin-Beekmann, S., Keckhut, P., Hauchecorne, A., van Gijsel, J. A. E., Swart, D. P. J., Bodeker, G. E., Parrish, A. Boyd, I. S., K"ampfer, N., Hocke, K., Stolarski, R. S., Frith, S. M., Thomason, L. W., Remsberg, E. E., von Savigny, C., Rozanov, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Ozone and temperature trends in the upper stratosphere at five stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 3875–3886, 2009. Stolarski, R. S. and Frith, S. M.: Search for evidence of trend slow-down in the long-term TOMS/SBUV total ozone data record: the importance of instrument drift uncertainty, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4057–4065, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4057-2006, 2006. Terao, Y. A. and Logan, J. A.: Effect of Lower Stratospheric Ozone on Trends and Interannual Variability in Tropospheric Ozone, AGU Fall Meeting, 11–15~December~2005 (San Francisco, USA), 2006. van Gijsel, J. A. E., Swart, D. P. J., Baray, J.-L., Claude, H., Fehr, T., Von Der Gathen, P., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hansen, G. H., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Meijer, Y. J., Nakane, H., Quel, E. J., Steinbrecht, W., Strawbridge, K. B., Tatarov, B., and Wolfram, E. A.: Global validation of ENVISAT ozone profiles using lidar measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 30, 3987–3994, 2009, doi:10.1080/01431160902821825. van Gijsel, J. A. E., Swart, D. P. J., Baray, J.-L., Bencherif, H., Claude, H., Fehr, T., Godin-Beekmann, S., Hansen, G. H., Keckhut, P., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I. S., Meijer, Y. J., Nakane, H., Quel, E. J., Stebel, K., Steinbrecht, W., Strawbridge, K. B., Tatarov, B. I., and Wolfram, E. A.: GOMOS ozone profile validation using ground-based and balloon sonde measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10473–10488, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10473-2010, 2010. WMO (World Meteorological Organization), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report No 50, 572~pp., Geneva, 2007.