References

ACP

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

ACP

1680-7324

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acp-10-10453-2010

Characterization of aerosol chemical composition with aerosol mass spectrometry in Central Europe: an overview

Lanz

V. A.

¹ Prévôt

A. S. H.

¹ Alfarra

M. R.

¹ ² Weimer

¹ ³ Mohr

¹ DeCarlo

P. F.

¹ Gianini

M. F. D.

⁴ Hueglin

⁴ Schneider

⁵ Favez

⁶ ⁷ D'Anna

⁶ ⁷ George

⁶ ⁷ Baltensperger

Paul Scherrer Institut, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK

Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Internal Combustion Engines, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

Particle Chemistry Dept., Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany

Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69626, France

Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France

08 11 2010

10 21 10453 10471

This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10453/2010/acp-10-10453-2010.pdf

Real-time measurements of non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) were conducted within the greater Alpine region (Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France and Liechtenstein) during several week-long field campaigns in 2002–2009. This region represents one of the most important economic and recreational spaces in Europe. A large variety of sites was covered including urban backgrounds, motorways, rural, remote, and high-alpine stations, and also mobile on-road measurements were performed. Inorganic and organic aerosol (OA) fractions were determined by means of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). The data originating from 13 different field campaigns and the combined data have been utilized for providing an improved temporal and spatial data coverage. The average mass concentration of NR-PM1 for the different campaigns typically ranged between 10 and 30 μg m−3. Overall, the organic portion was most abundant, ranging from 36% to 81% of NR-PM1. Other main constituents comprised ammonium (5–15%), nitrate (8–36%), sulfate (3–26%), and chloride (0–5%). These latter anions were, on average, fully neutralized by ammonium. As a major result, time of the year (winter vs. summer) and location of the site (Alpine valleys vs. Plateau) could largely explain the variability in aerosol chemical composition for the different campaigns and were found to be better descriptors for aerosol composition than the type of site (urban, rural etc.). Thus, a reassessment of classifications of measurements sites might be considered in the future, possibly also for other regions of the world. The OA data was further analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the multi-linear engine ME (factor analysis) separating the total OA into its underlying components, such as oxygenated (mostly secondary) organic aerosol (OOA), hydrocarbon-like and freshly emitted organic aerosol (HOA), as well as OA from biomass burning (BBOA). OOA was ubiquitous, ranged between 36% and 94% of OA, and could be separated into a low-volatility and a semi-volatile fraction (LV-OOA and SV-OOA) for all summer campaigns at low altitude sites. Wood combustion (BBOA) accounted for a considerable fraction during wintertime (17–49% OA), particularly in narrow Alpine valleys BBOA was often the most abundant OA component. HOA/OA ratios were comparatively low for all campaigns (6–16%) with the exception of on-road, mobile measurements (23%) in the Rhine Valley. The abundance of the aerosol components and the retrievability of SV-OOA and LV-OOA are discussed in the light of atmospheric chemistry and physics.

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