Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
www.atmos-chem-phys.net
1680-7316
1680-7324
10
3
2010
10.5194/acp-10-1017-2010
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/1017/2010/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/1017/2010/acp-10-1017-2010.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/1017/2010/acp-10-1017-2010.pdf
1017
1030
2010-02-01
Vertical distribution of aerosols in the vicinity of Mexico City during MILAGRO-2006 Campaign
P. A. Lewandowski
piotr-lewandowski@uiowa.edu
W. E. Eichinger
H. Holder
J. Prueger
J. Wang
L. I. Kleinman
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Duke University, Rayleigh, NC, USA
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
On 7 March 2006, a mobile, ground-based, vertical pointing, elastic lidar
system made a North-South transect through the Mexico City basin. Column
averaged, aerosol size distribution (ASD) measurements were made on the
ground concurrently with the lidar measurements. The ASD ground measurements
allowed calculation of the column averaged mass extinction efficiency (MEE)
for the lidar system (1064 nm). The value of column averaged MEE was
combined with spatially resolved lidar extinction coefficients to produce
total aerosol mass concentration estimates with the resolution of the lidar
(1.5 m vertical spatial and 1 s temporal). Airborne ASD measurements
from DOE G-1 aircraft made later in the day on 7 March 2006, allowed the
evaluation of the assumptions of constant ASD with height and time used for
estimating the column averaged MEE.
<br><br>
The results showed that the aerosol loading within the basin is about twice
what is observed outside of the basin. The total aerosol base concentrations
observed in the basin are of the order of 200 μg/m<sup>3</sup> and the base
levels outside are of the order of 100 μg/m<sup>3</sup>. The local heavy
traffic events can introduce aerosol levels near the ground as high as 900 μg/m<sup>3</sup>.
<br><br>
The article presents the methodology for estimating aerosol mass
concentration from mobile, ground-based lidar measurements in combination
with aerosol size distribution measurements. An uncertainty analysis of the
methodology is also presented.
% vor jede Referenz Adachi, K. and Buseck, P. R.: Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6469–6481, 2008.
Cooper, D. and Eichinger, W.: Structure of the Atmosphere in an Urban Planetary Boundary Layer From Lidar and Radiosonde Observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D11), 22937–22948, 1994.
Cooper, D., Eichinger, W., Leclerc, M. Y., Archuleta, J., and Kao, C. Y. J.: Stable Boundary Layer Coherent Microscale Structures Observed by Lidar, in review, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2010.
CAM: Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire en el Valle de México 2002–2010, Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana, Mexico, 2002.
CAM: Inventario de emisiones de la atmósfera. Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México 2004, Comisión Ambiental Metropolitana, Mexico, 2006.
Davis, K. J., Gamage, N., Hagelberg, C. R., Kiemle, C., Lenschow, D. H., and Sullivan, P. P.: An objective method for deriving atmospheric structure from airborne lidar observations, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 1455–1468, 2000.
DeCarlo, P. F., Dunlea, E. J., Kimmel, J. R., Aiken, A. C., Sueper, D., Crounse, J., Wennberg, P. O., Emmons, L., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Zhou, J., Tomlinson, J., Collins, D. R., Knapp, D., Weinheimer, A. J., Montzka, D. D., Campos, T., and Jimenez, J. L.: Fast airborne aerosol size and chemistry measurements above Mexico City and Central Mexico during the MILAGRO campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4027–4048, 2008.
de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kastendeuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., and Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209–1224, 2008.
Del Gusta, M. and Marini, S.: On the retrieval of urban mass concentrations by a 532 and 1064 nm LIDAR, J. Aerosol Sci, 31, 1469–1488, 2000.
Di Girolamo, P., Ambrico, P. F., Amodeo, A., Boselli, A., Pappalardo, G., and Spinelli, N.: Aerosol observations by lidar in the nocturnal boundary layer, Appl. Optics, 38, 4585–4595, 1999.
Dillner, A. M., Stein, C., Larson, S. M., and Hitzenberger, R.: Measuring the mass extinction efficiencyof elemental carbon in rural aerosol, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 35, 1009–1021, 2001.
Doran, J. C., Fast, J. D., Barnard, J. C., Laskin, A., Desyaterik, Y., and Gilles, M. K.: Applications of lagrangian dispersion modeling to the analysis of changes in the specific absorption of elemental carbon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1377–1389, 2008.
Dubinsky, R. H., Carswell, A. I., and Pal, S. R.: Determination of cloud microphysical properties by laser backscattering and extinction measurements, Appl. Optics, 24, 1614–1622, 1985.
Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M. D., Kaufman, Y. J., Eck, T. F., and Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessment of aerosol optical properties retrieval from AERONET sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9791–9806, 2000.
Eichinger, W. E., Holder, H. E., Cooper, D. I., Hipps, L. E., Knight, R., Kustas, W. P., Nichols, J., and Prueger, J. H.: Lidar Measurement of Boundary Layer Evolution to Determine Sensible Heat Fluxes, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 840–853, 2005.
Eichinger, W. E., Cooper, D. I., Hatfield, J., Hipps, L., Nichols, J. J., Pfeiffer, R., and Prueger, J. H.: Use of Elastic Lidar to Examine the Dynamics of Plume Dispersion from an Agricultural Facility, Atmos. Environ., in review, 2010a.
Eichinger, W., Eichinger, H., Cooper, D., Kreiger, J., and Carlson, E.: Lidar Observations of High Altitude Activity Associated with Intermittent Turbulence in a Stable Atmosphere, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., in review, 2010b.
Eichinger, W. and Kraye, H.: The Use of Lidar to Evaluate Existing Incident Managment System on I-80 in Morris, Essex, and Passaic Counties in Northern New Jersey, Report No. 980004-7290, New Jersey Department of Transportation, 1998.
Eichinger, W., Buttler, W., Lebeda, C., Cooper, D., and Moses, J.: Barcelona Air Quality Initiative, Alliance for Transportation Research, Project Document ATR 94-1, 1994.
Eichinger, W., Cooper, D., Buttler, W., Cottingame, W., and Tellier, L.: The Use of Lidar for the Evaluation of Traffic-Related Urban Pollution, SPIE Proc, Vol. 2102, Bellingham, WA, 1993.
Eichinger, W., Cooper, D., Cottingame, W., Forman, P., Griegos, J., Osborn, M., Richter, D., Tellier, L., and Thornton, R.: The development of Raman water-vapor and elastic aerosol lidars for the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16(11), 1753–1766, 1999.
Emets, E. P., Kascheev, V. A., and Poluektov, P. P.: A New Technique for the Determination of the Density of Airborne Particulate Matter, J. Aerosol Sci., 23(1), 27–35, 1992.
Fast, J. D., de Foy, B., Acevedo Rosas, F., Caetano, E., Carmichael, G., Emmons, L., McKenna, D., Mena, M., Skamarock, W., Tie, X., Coulter, R. L., Barnard, J. C., Wiedinmyer, C., and Madronich, S.: A meteorological overview of the MILAGRO field campaigns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2233–2257, 2007.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J. P., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Nakajima, T., Lavenu, F., Jankowiak, I., and Smirnov, A.: AERONET: a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, 1998.
Holmen, B., Eichinger, W., and Flocchini, R.: Application of Elastic Lidar to PM$_10$ Emissions from Agricultural NonPoint Sources, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(20), 3068–3076, 1998.
Husar, R. B. and Falke, S. R.: The relationship between aerosol light scattering and fine mass, Center for Air Pollution Impact and Trend Analysis (CAPITA) Report, online available at: http://capita.wustl.edu/CAPITA/CapitaReports/BScatFMRelation/BSCATFM.HTML, 1996.
Kelly, W. P. and McMurry, P. H.: Measurement of Particle Density by Inertial Classification of Differential Mobility Analyzer Generated Monodisperse Aerosols, Aerosol Sci. Techn., 17(3), 199–212, 1992.
Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nunnermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Wang, J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol composition over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1559–1575, 2008.
Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Wang, J., Daum, P. H., Lee, Y.-N., Nunnermacker, L. J., Senum, G. I., Weinstein-Lloyd, J., Alexander, M. L., Hubbe, J., Ortega, J., Zaveri, R. A., Canagaratna, M. R., and Jayne, J.: The time evolution of aerosol size distribution over the Mexico City plateau, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4261–4278, 2009.
Klett, J. D.: Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns, Appl. Optics, 20, 211–220, 1981.
Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios, Appl. Optics, 24, 1638–1643, 1985.
Kovalev, V. A. and Eichinger, W. E.: Elastic Lidar: Theory, Practice and Analysis Methods, Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004.
Kovalev, V. A.: Lidar measurement of the vertical aerosol extinction profiles with range dependent backscatter-to-extinction ratios, Appl. Optics, 32, 6053–6065, 1993.
Kovalev, V. A.: Sensitivity of the lidar equation solution to errors in the aerosol backscatter-to-extinction ratio: Influence of a monotonic change in the aerosol extinction coefficient, Appl. Optics, 34, 3457–3462, 1995.
Kovalev, V. A.: Stable near-end solution of the lidar equation for clear atmospheres, Appl. Optics, 42, 585–591, 2003.
Krichbaumer, W. and Werner, Ch.: Current state-of-the-art of LIDAR inversion methods for atmospheres of arbitrary optical density, Appl. Phys. B, 59, 517–523, 1994.
Lagrosas, N., Kuze, H., Takeuchi, N., Fukagawa, S., Bagtasa, G., Yoshii, Y., Naito, S., and Yabuki, M.: Correlation study between suspended particulate matter and portable automated lidar data, Aerosol Sci., 36, 439–454, 2005.
Le Bronec, E., Renoux, A., Boulaud, D., and Pourprix, M.: Effect of Gravity in Differential Mobility Analysers. A New Method to Determine the Density and Mass of Aerosol Particles, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 89–103, 1999.
Mallet, M., Roger, J. C., Despiau, S., Dubovik, O., and Putaud, J. P.: Microphysical and optical properties of aerosol particles in urban zone during ESCOMPTE, Atmos. Res., 69, 73–97, 2003.
Mena-Carrasco, M., Carmichael, G. R., Campbell, J. E., Zimmerman, D., Tang, Y., Adhikary, B., D'allura, A., Molina, L. T., Zavala, M., GarcÃa, A., Flocke, F., Campos, T., Weinheimer, A. J., Shetter, R., Apel, E., Montzka, D. D., Knapp, D. J., and Zheng, W.: Assessing the regional impacts of Mexico City emissions on air quality and chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3731–3743, 2009.
Molina, L. T., Kolb, C. E., de Foy, B., Lamb, B. K., Brune, W. H., Jimenez, J. L., Ramos-Villegas, R., Sarmiento, J., Paramo-Figueroa, V. H., Cardenas, B., Gutierrez-Avedoy, V., and Molina, M. J.: Air quality in North America's most populous city – overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2447–2473, 2007.
Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., and Singh, H. B.: Overview of MILAGRO/INTEX-B Campaign, IGAC Newsletter, Issue No. 38, 2–15, April 2008.
Nakajima T., Tonna G., Rao, R.Z., Boi, P., Kaufman, Y., and Holben, B.: Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions, Appl. Optics, 35(15), 2672–2686, 1996.
Nunnermacker, L. J., Weinstein-Lloyd, J. B., Hillery, B., Giebel, B., Kleinman, L. I., Springston, S. R., Daum, P. H., Gaffney, J., Marley, N., and Huey, G.: Aircraft and ground-based measurements of hydroperoxides during the 2006 MILAGRO field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7619–7636, 2008.
Rogers, R. R., Hair, J. W., Hostetler, C. A., Ferrare, R. A., Obland, M. D., Cook, A. L., Harper, D. B., Burton, S. P., Shinozuka, Y., McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., Redemann, J., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., and Kleinman, L. I.: NASA LaRC airborne high spectral resolution lidar aerosol measurements during MILAGRO: observations and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4811–4826, 2009.
Shaw, W. J., Pekour, M. S., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., and Walters, J. T.: The daytime mixing layer observed by radiosonde, profiler, and lidar during MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 15025–15065, 2007.
Shon, Z.-H., Madronich, S., Song, S.-K., Flocke, F. M., Knapp, D. J., Anderson, R. S., Shetter, R. E., Cantrell, C. A., Hall, S. R., and Tie, X.: Characteristics of the NO-NO<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> system in different chemical regimes during the MIRAGE-Mex field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7153–7164, 2008.
Stephens, S., Madronich, S., Wu, F., Olson, J. B., Ramos, R., Retama, A., and Muñoz, R.: Weekly patterns of México City's surface concentrations of CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, PM$_10$ and O<sub>3</sub> during 1986–2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5313–5325, 2008.
Stone, E. A., Snyder, D. C., Sheesley, R. J., Sullivan, A. P., Weber, R. J., and Schauer, J. J.: Source apportionment of fine organic aerosol in Mexico City during the MILAGRO experiment 2006, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1249–1259, 2008.
Talbot, R., Mao, H., Scheuer, E., Dibb, J., Avery, M., Browell, E., Sachse, G., Vay, S., Blake, D., Huey, G., and Fuelberg, H.: Factors influencing the large-scale distribution of Hg° in the Mexico City area and over the North Pacific, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2103–2114, 2008.
Tang, I.: Chemical and size effects of hygroscopic aerosols on light scattering coefficients, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19245–19250, 1996.
Thornhill, D. A., de Foy, B., Herndon, S. C., Onasch, T. B., Wood, E. C., Zavala, M., Molina, L. T., Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., and Marr, L. C.: Spatial and temporal variability of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3093–3105, 2008.
van de Hulst, H.C.: Light Scattering by Small Particles, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1957.
Zheng, J., Zhang, R., Fortner, E. C., Volkamer, R. M., Molina, L., Aiken, A. C., Jimenez, J. L., Gaeggeler, K., Dommen, J., Dusanter, S., Stevens, P. S., and Tie, X.: Measurements of HNO<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O$_5$ using ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometry during the MILAGRO/MCMA-2006 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6823–6838, 2008.